Upper limb movement Flashcards
What are the bones of the shoulder?
Clavicle, scapula and humerus
What are the joints of the shoulder?
Shoulder (pectoral) girdle and shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
What 3 joints make up the shoulder girdle?
Scapulothoracic (ST) joint, Sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint.
What is the function of the shoulder?
To move the arm and position the hand
What are the 3 functions of the shoulder girdle?
- Anchor upper limb to trunk via clavicle
- Position shoulder joint and move arm
- Increase ROM at shoulder joint
What happens if the shoulder girdle becomes fixed?
all upper limb activities are restricted and compensation can only be achieved by a shift in the whole body.
How does elevation of the shoulder joint occur?
Sternoclavicular - clavicle (shrugging, reaching up)
How does depression of the shoulder joint occur?
Sternoclavicular - clavicle (moving shoulders into resting position, reaching down)
How does protraction of the shoulder joint occur?
Sternoclavicular - scapula (taking off a t-shirt)
How does retraction of the shoulder joint occur?
Sternoclavicular - scapula (putting hand behind body)
How does upward rotation of the shoulder joint occur?
Acromioclavicular - scapula (hand above head)
How does downward rotation of the shoulder joint occur?
Acromioclavicular - scapula (extension pf the arm, returning to resting position)
What is the functional importance of full upward rotation of the sternoclavicular (ST) joint?
Fully upward rotated scapula is important in raising arm fully overhead and accounts for approx. 1/3 of shoulder abduction and flexion
Where is the glenohumeral joint located?
Between the head of the humerus and glenoid fossa.
What are the primary movements of the glenohumeral joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation
What additional movements can the glenohumeral joint perform?
horizonal abduction/adduction - having the shoulder flexed while it abducts and adducts
Is the SC joint stable?
Yes
What stabilised the SC joint?
ligaments reinforce capsule and articular disk strengthens articulation and acts as shock absorber
Is the AC joint as stable as the SC joint?
No
What stabilises the AC joint?
ligaments
Describe the stability of the GH joint
Ligamentous and muscular structures, ligaments reinforce capsule and limit extremes of rotation and translation. The glenoid labrum deepens the socket and provides greater stability.
Name 3 common pathologies of the shoulder?
- Dislocation
- Subluxation
- Instability
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Degenerative related
- Subacromial bursitis
- Rotator cuff (tendonitis and tears)
- Adhesive capsulitis (Frozen shoulder) - Impingement syndrome
What bones make up the elbow and forearm?
humerus, radius and ulnar
What are the 2 joints of the elbow?
humero-ulnar joint and humero-radial joint
What are the 2 joints of the forearm?
proximal radio-ulnar joint and distal radio-ulnar joint.
Is the elbow joint stable?
Yes due to shape of articulating surfaces and strong ligaments
What are common pathologies of the elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis
What are the 3 complex joints of the wrist?
radiocarpal, midcarpal and intercarpal
What is the function of the wrist?
positions the hand
What are the 4 functions of the hand?
- performance of fine manipulative movements
- grasp and release objects and tools
- sense organ for the exploration of environment and recognition of objects
- communication and expression of emotion
What are the 3 hand complex joints?
- carpometacarpal (CMC)
- metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
- Interphalangeal (IP)
What 2 joints make up the Interphalangeal complex?
- Proximal interphalangeal (PIP)
2. Distal interphalangeal (DIP)
What is the carpal tunnel?
- Proximal transverse arch produced by curved shape of carpals
- Maintained by deep transverse carpal ligament & intercarpal ligaments
- Houses median nerve & extrinsic finger & thumb flexor tendons
What do lumbricals do?
enable flexion at MCP and extension at IP joints
What do interosseous muscles do?
abduction and adduction
What is prehension?
ability of fingers and thumb to grasp/seize for holding, securing and picking up objects.
Name the types of prehension
grasp/grip - all digits used
pinch - thumb and index finger
Describe a power grip
- all fingers are flexed around an object
- strong finger flexion
- thumb adduction and flexion
- wrist extension
Describe a precision grip
- object held between tip of thumb and all fingers
- thumb partially abducted
- fingers partially flexed
- modified to fit objects of various sizes
Describe a power pinch
stabilise object between thumb and lateral border of index finger
Describe a precision pinch
object is held between thumb and index finger
Tip-to-tip is when:
a precision pinch grip where tiny objects are held between tip of thumb and tip of index finger when skill and precision is needed
Pulp-to-pulp is when:
a precision pinch grip where more surface are is needed, so object is help between the pulp of the thumb and index finger
Describe a hook grip
- doesn’t include thumb
- partial flexion of PIP and DIP
- isometric contractions for long periods
Name 3 common pathologies of the wrist and hand
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- De Quervain’s Disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Cumulative Trauma Disorder
