Motor assessment and intervention

Question 1

What is movement analysis?

Answer 1

Watching a person as they attempt a task and analyse the movements.

Question 2

What are the 2 phases of upper-limb movement analysis?

Answer 2

Reaching and grasping

Question 3

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

Answer 3

Stage 1 - Verbal cognitive
Stage 2 - Motor stage
Stage 3 - Autonomous stage

Question 4

What is the verbal cognitive stage?

Answer 4

• reliance on verbal feedback and external environmental information to understand the demands of the task and achieve goals.

Question 5

What is the motor stage?

Answer 5

Focuses on the quality of the movement, intensive practice and decreasing mistakes

Question 6

What is the autonomous stage?

Answer 6

Able to perform task with less cognitive effort, cope with distractions and draw on problem solving skills in new situations.

Question 7

What is motor re-learning?

Answer 7

• High number of repetitions performed frequently
• performed in a context-specific environment
• specific feedback is provided
• part vs whole of the task practiced
• grading difficulty
• record results - repetitions, accuracy, time taken
• manual guidance

Question 8

What does UL rehabilitation in early stages of stroke recovery focus on?

Answer 8

Strategies that aim at eliciting muscle activity and strength training prior to return of functional grasp, hand and UL use.

Question 9

What approach do OTs use with clients who have motor impairments?

Answer 9

Compensatory approach

Question 10

What is the Motor Assessment Scale (MAS)?

Answer 10

A clinical assessment tool that evaluates 8 areas of motor function in recovering stroke patients

Question 11

What are the 8 motor tasks tested by the MAS?

Answer 11

1. Supine to side lying
2. Supine to sitting on the edge of a bed
3. Balanced sitting
4. Sitting to standing
5. Walking
6. Upper-arm functions
7. Hand movements
8. Advanced hand activities

Question 12

Where is the MAS administered?

Answer 12

In a quiet room

Question 13

What items can be used independently of the rest of the scale?

Answer 13

The upper limb items - upper-arm functions, hand movements and advanced hand activities

Question 14

What patients should the MAS be used for?

Answer 14

Patients who have had a stroke

Question 15

Who should the MAS not be used for?

Answer 15

Patients requiring a proxy to complete

Question 16

How long does the MAS take to administer?

Answer 16

15 to 60 minutes

Question 17

What does the MAS measure?

Answer 17

Everyday motor functioning

Question 18

Is the MAS standardised or non-standardised?

Answer 18

Standardised

Question 19

What is flaccidity?

Answer 19

Absence of tone

Question 20

What is hypotonicity?

Answer 20

decreased normal muscle tone

Question 21

What is hypertonicity?

Answer 21

Increased muscle tone which is not typically velocity dependent

Question 22

What is spasticity?

Answer 22

Motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes

Question 23

What is clonus?

Answer 23

A type of spasticity present in clients with moderate to severe spasticity, characterised by repetitive contractions in the antagonistic muscles in response to rapid stretch

Question 24

What is rigidity?

Answer 24

Simultaneous increase in muscle tone of agonist and antagonist muscles, not velocity dependent

Question 25

What are the 4 types of rigidity?

Answer 25

1. Lead-pipe 2. Cogwheel 3. Decorticate 4. Decerebate

Question 26

What is dystonia?

Answer 26

Persistent posture of a body part or severely distorted movement pattern

Question 27

What is Ataxia?

Answer 27

delayed initiation of movement responses, errors in range and force of movement, jerky and poorly controlled movements

Question 28

What is Adiadochokinesis?

Answer 28

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as pronation/supination

Question 29

What is Dysdiadokinesia?

Answer 29

impaired ability to perform rapid movement

Question 30

What is Nystagmus?

Answer 30

involuntary movement of the eyeballs in an up and down, back and forth or rotating direction

Question 31

What is Dysarthria?

Answer 31

Slurred speech caused by incoordination of the speech mechanism

Question 32

What is the Tardieu scale?

Answer 32

Measures resistance to slow and rapid passive movement

Question 33

How do you test for coordination?

Answer 33

Finger to nose

Question 34

How do you test for dysdiadokinesia?

Answer 34

Rapid supination and pronation of hands and forearm repeatedly

Question 35

What is used to measure grip strength?

Answer 35

a dynamometer

Question 36

What are protective senses?

Answer 36

light touch, pressure, pain and temperature

Question 37

What are discriminative senses?

Answer 37

stereognosis, proprioception, kinaesthesia and sensory inattention

Question 38

What are the 2 phases of UL movement analysis?

Answer 38

1. Reaching Pre-shaping phase - anticipatory shape of hand, position of thumb and finders Transporting phase - transporting the arm and hand to the goal 2. Grasp - in hand manipulation

Question 39

What is the Purdue pegboard?

Answer 39

Measures dexterity for two types of activity, one involving the gross movement of the arms, hands, and fingers, and the other in primarily fingertip dexterity.

Question 40

What clients can the Purdue pegboard be used with?

Answer 40

Clients of all ages, clients with stroke, brain damage

Question 41

How long does it take to administer the Purdue pegboard?

Answer 41

5 to 10 minutes

Question 42

What is motor re-learning?

Answer 42

a motor retraining method utilised with persons following a brain injury

Question 43

What is constraint induced movement therapy?

Answer 43

involves restraint of the unaffected limb to increase use of the affected limb

Question 44

What is Functional electrical stimulation?

Answer 44

uses a burst of short electrical pulses to generate muscle contraction by stimulating motor neurons or reflex pathways