Lower limb movement Flashcards
Name 2 functions of the lower limb
- Transfer body from lying/sitting to standing
- support head, arms, trunk in all upright positions and movements
- Propulsion in walking, running and stair climbing
- Sensory information about posture and balance
What is the Pelvis joint also known as?
The sacroiliac joint (SI joint)
Where is the sacroiliac joint located?
Between the sacrum and ilium
What are the 2 tilts of the pelvis
Anterior and Posterior tilt
Which way is the pelvis when it is tilted anteriorly?
posterior (backward)
Which way is the pelvis when it is tilted posteriorly?
superior (forward)
What are the 2 functions of the SI joint?
- Stress relief within pelvic ring
2. Stability during load transfer between axial skeleton and lower limb
Where is the hip joint located?
Between the head of the femur and acetabulum
Name 2 functions of the hip
- support weight of body
- move body closer or further from the ground
- bring foot closer to trunk
- position lower limb
What stabilises the hip?
Ligaments, acetabular labrum and muscles
What are the hip abductors and are they posterior or anterior?
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, posterior.
What are the hip adductors and are they posterior or anterior?
5 muscles of the inner thigh, anterior
What are the hip flexors and are they posterior or anterior?
Iliopsoas, assisted by sartorius, rectus femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus, Anterior
What are the hip extensors and where are they located?
Gluteus maximus, assisted by hamsting, posterior
What does the hip do when standing?
- Positional shifts to reduce muscle fatigue
- Single stance - hip adductors on supporting leg move body weight over supporting leg
- Single stance - hip abductors prevent muscle dropping on unsupported side
What Lumbar plexus nerves supply the hip?
Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) consisting of Femoral nerve (hip flexors) and Obturator nerve (Hip adductors)
What Sacral plexus nerves supply the hip?
3 small nerves plus:
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-s1) - gluteus medius and minimus
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S2) - gluteus maximus
Sciatic nerve (L4, S3) - hamstrings.
What are the 2 common pathologies of the hip?
Osteoarthritis and fracture
What are the joints of the knee?
2 tibiofemoral and 1 patellofemoral
Name 2 functions of the knee
- Support body weight
- lower and raise body from the ground
- allow shortening of the lower limb so foot can clear the ground
What is Genu Valgum?
Knock knees
What is Genu Varum?
Bow legs
What is the menisci
Fibrocartilage discs on superior articular surfaces of the the tibia
What is the function of the menisci?
lower compressive stress, weight bearing, stabilise joint, reduce friction
What are the important ligaments of the knee?
Cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior)
What are the flexors of the knee and where are they located?
Hamstrings, posterior
What are the extensors of the knee and where are they located?
Quadriceps, anterior
What lumbar plexus nerves supply the knee?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4) - quadriceps
What sacral plexus nerves supply the knee?
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3) - hamstrings
Name 3 common pathologies of the knee
- Meniscal injuries
- ligamentous injuries
- Osteoarthritis
- Ageing
- Patellofemoral joint pain
- Chondromalacia Patellae
What are the ankle joints called?
Talocrual
What are the foot joints?
Intertarsal joints - subtalar, transverse tarsal joints
What is the function of the ankle?
Placing the foot on different surfaces of the ground for support
What is the function of the foot?
accommodate variations in supporting surface, provide spring and lift in body movement, provide sensory information for the regulation of body posture in standing and moving.
What is the medial longitudinal arch?
Major load bearing and shock absorbing structure
What is pes planus?
Flatfoot - dropped arch
What is pes cavus?
Abnormally high arch, cant absorb force
What are the dorsiflexors and where are they located?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, anterior
What are the plantarflexors?
Superficial - Gastrocnemius and soleus
Deep - Flexor digitorium longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior
Posterior
What nerves supply the dorsiflexors?
Sciatic nerve (L4-S2)
What nerves supply the plantarflexors?
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
What are 2 common pathologies of the ankle and foot?
- Hallux valgus (bunion)
- Fractures
- Osteoarthritis
