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Histology Exam III Material > Upper GI I > Flashcards

Upper GI I Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelium lines most of the GI tract

A

Simple columnar epithelium with glands for most of the tract

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2
Q

Musculature of the GI tract

A
  • skeletal muscle at either end and also in the esophagus

- Smooth muscle throughout most GI

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3
Q

The GI tract possesses an ______ rhythmicity

A

intrinsic

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4
Q

The GI tract possesses an intrinsic rhythmicity mostly due to the presence of

A

enteric nervous system

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5
Q

The enteric nervous system exists independently of

A

external influences including the ANS

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6
Q

The GI tract has Enteric nervous system (which is independent) but also receives input from

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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7
Q

What are the peptide neurotransmitters

A
  • Bombesin
  • Motilin
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide
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8
Q

Unicellular endocrine cells secrete

A

neuropeptides

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9
Q

Unicellular endocrine cells are derived from

A

endoderm (which is unlike intrinsic nerve fibers, which are derived from neural crest)

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10
Q

Intrinsic nerve fibers are derived from

A

neural crest

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11
Q

What is MALT

A

mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

What is GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

Protective mechanisms of GI include

A

Production of large amounts of mucous: which assists in lubrication and friction reduction

Rapid turnover of epithelial cells in harsh environments such as the stomach and small intestine

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14
Q

The oral cavity is lined with a mucous membrane lying on a _________ layer

A

Vascular FECT layer

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15
Q

The mucosa of the lip consists of

A
  • Stratified Squamous epithelium
  • Basement membrane
  • Lamina propria
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16
Q

The lip is composed of a core of ___________ cells embedded in FECT and covered externally by skin

A

skeletal muscle cells (obicularis oris)

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17
Q

Within the lamina propria of the lip are ____ and ____ glands

A

mixed and mucous glands

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18
Q

The dermis of the lip has a rich plexus of _____ which prominent at the ______ of the lip

A

capillaries, free margin

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19
Q

Internally the lip is lined with ____ keratinized, modified, _________ epithelium lies on a lamina propria with _______ papillae

A

Poorly, stratified squamous epithelium, high papillae

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20
Q

What is the one exception that makes the cheeks structure different than the lip

A

the cheek has abundant elastic fibers in the submucosa

  • These are continuous with the fibers surrounding the striated muscle and the lamina propria
  • This arrangement give a maximum of distensibility to the oral mucous membrane
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21
Q

What gives the cheek’s oral mucous membrane maximum distensibility

A

abundant elastic fibers in the submucosa are continuous with the fibers surrounding the striated muscle and the lamina propria

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22
Q

what three embryonic tissues interact in the development of the teeth

A

Ectoderm- which forms the enamel organ

Neural crest and mesoderm give rise to the dental papilla

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23
Q

ectoderm forms what part of the teeth? and influences the development?

A
  • enamel organ
    • Consists of cells committed to formation of enamel
    • Formed from ectoderm under influence of mesoderm and neural crest
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24
Q

Neural crest and mesoderm give rise to dental _____. Which is

A

Dental papilla

  • dentin
  • Cementum
  • Pulp
  • surrounding CT and periodontal pulp
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25
Q

________ is formed from basal cells of the oral ectoderm

A

dental primordium

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26
Q

The _________ is an epithelial shelf that grows from the thickened primordial into mesenchyme as a bifid structure

A

labiodental lamina

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27
Q

The external limb splits later to form a groove that deeps to separate the _____ and the remainder of the _____

A

lip, mouth

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28
Q

In the development of the teeth the internal limb is the

A

dental lamina

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29
Q

in the development of teeth cells proliferate to form the _______ in each half-jaw

A

tooth buds (germs)

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30
Q

In the development of teeth a second set of tooth-buds develops on the _____ side of each developing deciduous tooth plus three more ______ in each half-jaw

A

lingual, posteriorly

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31
Q

The epithelial bud becomes what parts of the teeth

A

Enamel organ
Dental papillae
Dental sac (follicle)

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32
Q

The enamel organ forms ______ and caps the _____

A

Enamel, and caps the dental papilla

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33
Q

Condensation of mesenchyme that gives rise to dentin and pulp

A

Dental papilla

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34
Q

CT sac that surrounds the enamel organ and dental papilla and forms cementum and the periodontal membrane

A

Dental sac (follicle)

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35
Q

Cells involved in tooth development

A

Odontoblasts, Ameloblasts

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36
Q

_____ form the dentin matrix throughout the life of the tooth

A

Odontoblasts

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37
Q

_____ form single layer of cells lining pulp cavity

A

odontoblasts

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38
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions of the odontoblasts continuing through the prevention and dentinal layers to the dentin-enamel junction; they occupy a space in the dentin matrix known as dentinal tubules

A

Tomes’ dentinal fibers (odontoblastic processes)

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39
Q

Dentin is similar to bone but is _____: ___% of matrix is organic (compared to about 35% in bone) and composed mostly of _______

A

harder, 35% and composed mostly of collagen type I

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40
Q

Increment lines (of Ebner and Owen) are associated with

A

Odontoblasts

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41
Q

Ameloblasts form _____ which covers only the tooth crown

A

Enamel

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42
Q

____ is the hardest substance in the body

A

enamel

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43
Q

Enamel is ____% inorganic salts, about ____ % of which is calcium phosphate in the form of aptitude crystals and ___% organic matter and water

A

96%, 90%, 4%

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44
Q

Enamel is 96% _____, about 90% of which is _______ in the form of _______ and 4% _____ and _____

A

inorganic salts, calcium phosphate in the form of apatite crystals, organic matter and water

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45
Q

Enamel is laid down in _____, each of which is formed by one _____

A

prisms, ameloblast

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46
Q

Each prism is formed by one ____

A

ameloblast

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47
Q

The secreting apical domains of ameloblasts are called

A

Tomes’ processes

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48
Q

Ameloblasts are associated with _________ which are periods of rhythmic growth

A

increment lines of Retzius

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49
Q

Specific organic components, rather than collagen, are unique to enamel and are removed after calcification

A

Amelogenins

Enamelins

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50
Q

Originates form the dental papilla containing condensed mesenchyme

A

Pulp

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51
Q

Teeth pulp consists of

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, peripheral odontoblasts, reticular fibers, nerve fibers, and blood vessels that pass via the apical foramen

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52
Q

Cells of the dental sac differentiate into ______ which deposit cementum on the dentin of the root from neck to apex.

A

Cementoblasts

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53
Q

Cementum has coarse ______(_____) in a bone-like calcified matrix

A

Collagen fibers (Sharpey’s)

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54
Q

Peridontal membrane is highly _______ active tissue

A

metabolically

55
Q

CT formed from dental sac with fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

A

Peridontal membrane

56
Q

Peridontal membrane binds _____ to ______

A

cementum to bony socket

57
Q

Sharpey’s fibers extend form centum to _____ via the ______

A

Alveolar wall via the periodontal membrane

58
Q

Peridontal membrane allows _____ movement

A

limited

59
Q

Periodontal membrane absorbs ______ and prevents

A

absorbs pressures of mastication and prevents this pressure form damaging alveolar bone

60
Q

Periodontal membrane is affected by diseases such as ______ and _____

A

diabetes and scurvy

61
Q

The tongue is composed primarily of a core of _____ and ______, and is covered by a ________

A

Skeletal muscle and glands, and is covered by a mucous membrane

62
Q

The anterior two-thirds of the upper oral portion is separated form the posterior one-third of the tongue by the ________

A

sulcus terminalis

63
Q

______ appear on the oral portion of tongue as surface projections

A

Lingual papillae

64
Q

Lingual papillae are formed of a ________ covered by ________ epithelium

A

central core of CT lamina propria covered by stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

What are the most numerous of all the papillae

A

filiform papillae

66
Q

What type of papillae lack taste buds

A

filiform papillae

67
Q

Filiform papillae are _____ distributed over the _____ portion of tongue

A

evenly, entire oral upper portion

68
Q

_______ papillae are the most numerous of all the papillae and have a ______ appearance

A

Filiform papillae, conical

69
Q

What is the function of filiform papillae

A

gives tongue a rough surface

70
Q

Fungiform papillae have a ______ appearance

A

mushroom

71
Q

Fungiform papillae are ______ in numer

A

relatively few

72
Q

Fungiform papillae are interspersed _____ among the _______ rows of ______

A

singly among the parallel rows of filiform papillae

73
Q

Taste buds of fungiform papillae are present

A

only on the oral surface of the epithelium

74
Q

Taste buds of the circumvallate papillae are located

A

primarily in the lateral walls

75
Q

Type of papillae that is rudimentary in humans, but well developed in lower animals

A

Foliate papillae

76
Q

Circumvallate papillae are located along the _____ as _____ surrounded by a ____

A

sulcus terminalis as projections surrounded by a moat (circular furrow)

77
Q

_______ open into the moat of Circumvallate papillae

A

Ducts of Von Ebner’s glands

78
Q

The _______ portion of the tongue is free of papillae but contains the lingual tonsils

A

pharyngeal

79
Q

The pharyngeal portion of the tongue is free of ______ but contains the _______

A

Papillae, lingual tonsils

80
Q

Taste buds of circumvallate papillae are located

A

on the lateral walls

81
Q

Taste buds contain contain ____ types of cells derived form a _________

A

two, single stem cell

82
Q

what are the two types of cells in a taste bud

A

sustentacular cells

taste cells

83
Q

Spindle-shaped support cells and arranged like barrel-staves to surround the inner taste pro at the base

A

Sustentacular cells

84
Q

Each taste cells is long and slender with an elongated _______ and terminates as a short taste hair which projects into the external opening called the

A

Central nucleus, outer taste pore

85
Q

Taste cells possess apical ____ with ______ and the basal part of the cell releases ______

A

microvilli with taste receptors, neurotransmitters

86
Q

Taste cells are distributed

A

between the supporting (sustentacular) cells

87
Q

Except for ____ taste, taste sensation utilize various ________ pathways that result in depolarization of the taste cells

A

bitter, signal transduction pathways

88
Q

salt and sour taste utilize ____ transport as a signal transduction mechanism

A

Ionic

89
Q

Sour tast involve _____ blockage of ______ to cause depolarization

A

hydrogen ion blockage, potassium ion channels

90
Q

Bitter taste involves a _______ state similar to _________

A

Hypopolarized state similar to retinal cell signal transduction

91
Q

Sweet taste involves a _____ state

A

hyperpolarized state

92
Q

Gustducin (a homologue of retinal transducin) is a G-protein used what taste receptors

A

Bitter and Sweet

93
Q

Bitter and sweet taste receptors involves the activation of ______, decrease in ______, and closure of _______ and hypo polarization of the taste cell

A

G- alpha subunit, decrease in cGMP, and closure of sodium channels and hypolarization of the taste cell

94
Q

What are the four type of lingual papillae

A
  • Filiform papillae
  • Fungiform papillae
  • Foliate Papillae
  • Circumvallate papillae
95
Q

What are the 4 layers of digestive tube

A
  • Mucosa (innermost)
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Outermost layer= Serosa and Adventitia
96
Q

Characteristic of mucosa of digestive tube

A
  • epithelium-
    • Stratified squamous transitioning to simple columnar
    • May have secretory, absorptive, and/or protective functions
  • Lamina Propria
    • Loose Areolar CT associated with epithelium
    • Contains various glands and GALT
  • Muscularis Mucosa
    • Made up of one to three layers of smooth muscle
97
Q

Submucosa of digestive tube

A
  • Dense, irregular CT
  • Vascularized
  • Contains a nerve plexus: Meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)
98
Q

Muscularis external of digestive tube

A
  • inner circular layer of smooth muscle
  • outer longitudinal layer fo smooth muscle
  • Myenteric (Auerbach’s) nerve plexus lies between the two layers of muscle tissue
99
Q

Location of Myenteric (Auerbach’s) nerve plexus and its function(s)

A

Lies between the inner circular layer of smooth muscle and the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle, which make up the Muscularis externa

fxn:
- Regulates the size of the lumen (circular layer of smooth muscle)
- Regulates the rhythmic movement of the GI tract (longitudinal layer of smooth muscle)

100
Q

Characteristics of Serosa of digestive tube

A
  • composed of dense irregular CT
  • Consists of mesothelial lining and a layer of submesothelial CT
  • Forms visceral peritoneum
  • Covers intraperintoneal portions of abdominal organs
101
Q

What forms the visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa of digestive tube

102
Q

Characteristics of adventitia of digestive tube

A
  • Dense irregular CT with Adipose tissue

- Covers retroperitoneal portions of digestive system

103
Q

What covers the retroperitoneal portions of the digestive system

A

Adventitia of digestive tube

104
Q

Where is Meissner’s plexus located

A

in the submucosa of digestive tube (also called submucosal plexus)

105
Q

Sympathetic ________ pass through gut wall to glands and smooth muscle

A

postganglionic fibers

106
Q

Parasympthetic ________ synapse with _______ in_____ within the gut wall itself

A

preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in ganglia within the wall itself

107
Q

What are the two plexi of the parasympathetics in the gut wall

A

Meissner’s plexus

Auerbach’s plexus

108
Q

Function of Meissner’s plexus

A

regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption

109
Q

Function of Auerbach’s plexus

A

Coordinates muscular activity of gut wall

110
Q

_____is the first line of defense and is found coating the luminal surface of the gut mucosal epithelium

A

IgA

111
Q

Isolated lymph follicles in the gut are found in the

A

lamina propria

112
Q

Specialized squamous epithelial cells (___) in the gut lumen serve to transport food antigens to the lymph follicles, which are in the lamina propria

A

M cells

113
Q

What are M cells

A

Specialized squamous epithelial cells in the gut lumen serve to transport food antigens to the lymph follicles

114
Q

Antigen stimulated _____ in the isolated lymph follicles of the lamina propria in the gut secrete ____

A

B cells, IgA

115
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue in the lamina proper of the gut includes

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, and IgA-secreting plasma cells

116
Q

Aggregated lymphoid follicles form the ____ of the oropharynx (_______) and ______ in the submucosa of the ileum

A

tonsils, Waldeyer’s ring, Peyer’s patches

117
Q

Aggregated lymphoid follicles in the submucosa of the ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

118
Q

Functions of the esophagus

A

digestion (initiated in the mouth)

Addition of mucous to food bolus

119
Q

The esophageal-stomach epithelial transition zone shows what change in epithelium and is a frequent site of what

A

stratified squamous transitions to simple columnar

frequent site of cancers

120
Q

Mucosa of esophagus

A
  • Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

- Mucous glands are found in the lamina propria and submucosa

121
Q

Muscularis external of the esophagus transitions from _______ in the upper third to a mixture of ____ and ____ in the middle third and then to ____ only in the lower third

A

skeletal muscle, skeletal and smooth muscle, smooth

122
Q

Surface mucous cells of the stomach secrete

A

protective insoluble mucous

123
Q

Gastric mucosa consists of

A

simple columnar epithelium with mucous columnar cells

124
Q

_____ ar longitudinal mucosal folds that are most prominent in an empty stomach

A

Rugae

125
Q

Gastric glands open into ____

A

gastric pits

126
Q

The muscularis externa of the stomach has ____ layers of -___ muscle

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

127
Q

The third layer of the muscularis externa is ________ layer

A

inner oblique

128
Q

What are the regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac, Fundus, body, Pylorus

129
Q

The cardiac stomach contains mostly ____ glands

A

mucous

130
Q

The fundus and body of stomach contains ______ glands

A

gastric glands

131
Q

gastric glands are ______ glands extending down to the _______

A

long tubular, muscularis mucosae

132
Q

The gastric glands are composed of

A 
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
stem cells 
enteroendocrine cells
133
Q

The pyloric stomach contains

A

mucous glands and enteroendocrine cells

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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