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Histology Exam III Material > Renal Histology > Flashcards

Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

the urinary system consists of

A
  • two kidneys and ureters

- the urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

Each kidney has somewhat of an ____ shape with a _____ lateral border and a slightly _____ or_____ medial border through which pass the renal artery, vein, and the ureter

A

oval shape, convex lateral border, concave or indented medial border.

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3
Q

A sagittal section of the kidney reveals what structures

A
  • an outer capsule surrounding the entire kidney except for the hilum
  • an outer cortical area beneath the capsule which has a cup-like form with the open side of the cup facing the hilum
  • a juxtamedullary cortex deep to the outer cortical area
  • a medullary area made up of triangular-shaped renal pyramids and divided into:
    • an outer medullary area deep to the juxtamedullary cortex
    • an inner medullary area deep to the outer medullary area
  • the renal pelvis into which empty the renal pyramids
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4
Q

Each kidney is fed by a large ______ artery branching directly off the

A

renal artery branching directly off the abdominal aorta

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5
Q

___ is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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6
Q

There are approximately _____ nephrons per kidney

A

one million

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7
Q

Each nephron consists of

A
  • Renal Corpuscle

- Renal tubule

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8
Q

A renal corpuscle is composed of

A
  • A cup-shaped capsule referred to as Bowman’s capsule
  • A glomerulus
    • this is a capillary knot situated between two arterioles that lies within the indentation of Bowman’s Capsule
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9
Q

this is a capillary knot situated between two arterioles that lies within the indentation of Bowman’s Capsule

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

A renal tubule is a continuation of

A

bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

nephrons empty into

A

collecting ducts

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12
Q

Collecting ducts empty into

A

the renal pelvis

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13
Q

What are the two types of Nephrons

A
  • Cortical

- Juxtamedullary

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14
Q

The renal corpuscles of cortical nephrons are located

A

The cortex

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15
Q

The glomeruli of cortical nephrons empty into

A

peritubular capillary networks that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of their own nephrons and those of surrounding nephrons

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16
Q

Structure of cortical nephrons loops of henle

A

have short loops of henle that do not extend deeply into the medulla

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17
Q

the renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons are located

A

in the cortex next to the cortical-medullary junction

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18
Q

The glomeruli of juxtamedullary nephrons empty into

A

vasa recta consisting of long, straight arterioles and venues that run parallel to the loops of Henle and collecting ducts

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19
Q

The loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deeply into medulla

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20
Q

sequence of branching for the renal artery within the kidney

A

renal artery—-> Interlobar arteries —-> Arcuate arteries—-> interlobular arteries—-> afferent glomerular arteries————–>glomerular capillary network (glomeruli)——> efferent glomerular arterioles—–> vasa recta (peritubular capillaries) ——> Interlobular veins —–> arcuate veins —–> interlobar veins —–> Renal veins

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21
Q

in general, a capillary network is interposed between

A

an arteriole and a venule

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22
Q

Explain the arterial portal system in the kidneys

A

An arteriole is interposed between two capillary networks. An afferent arteriole give rise to a mass of capillaries, the glomerulus. These capillaries coalesce to form an efferent arteriole, which gives rise to capillary networks (peritubular capillary network and the vasa recta) surrounding the nephrons.

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23
Q

Explain Venous portal system in liver and hypophysis

A

Arteriole to capillary to vein. the veins then feed into an extensive capillary or sinusoid network draining into a vein.

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24
Q

The glomerulus is a ______ inserted between two arterioles

A

Capillary bed

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25
Q

The glomerulus is a ____ inserted between two ____

A

Capillary bed inserted between two arterioles (afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole)

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26
Q

A typical capillary bed is inserted between

A

an arteriole and a venule

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27
Q

The efferent arteriole feeds into either

A
  • a capillary loop, the vasa recta

- a capillary network, the peritubular capillaries

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28
Q

Where are peritubular capillaries found

A

in cortical nephrons

- efferent arterioles drain into them

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29
Q

Where are vasa recta found

A

in juxtamedullary nephrons

- efferent arterioles drain into them in juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

Circular smooth muscle cells at the vascular pole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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31
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are located in

A

the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus

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32
Q

what cells secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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33
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin (hypertensive factor)

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34
Q

components of the glomerulus

A
  • Afferent arteriole (which houses juxtaglomerular cells)
  • Glomerular formation of capillaries
  • Efferent Arteriole
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35
Q

This is a double-layered, cup-shaped dilation of the nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule

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36
Q

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule and there stucture

A
  • Parietal layer
    • this is an outer layer of simple squamous epithelium
    • The squamous epithelium is continuous with the simple cuboidal epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule
  • Visceral layer
    • This is the inner layer of podocytes in contact with the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
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37
Q

_____ is located between the parietal and visceral layers and is continuous with the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Bowman’s space

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38
Q

The renal corpuscle is involved in producing

A

a filtrate of blood

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39
Q

what parts of the nephron are involved in modifying the nitrate of blood produced by the renal corpuscle

A

the rest of the nephron, including the convoluted portions and the loop of Henle, as well as the collecting tubules, is involved in modifying the filtrate

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40
Q

The formation of the urine involves three process

A
  • Filtration (occurring in the renal corpuscle)
  • Reabsorption (occurring in the renal tubule)
  • Secretion (Occurring in the renal tubule)
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41
Q

The Mesangium is part of the

A

Glomerulus

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42
Q

The mesangium is formed by _____ cells embedded in ______

A

mesangial cells embedded in a mesangial matrix

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43
Q

Intraglomerular mesangial cells are located between _____ in the _____ and cover ______ not covered by _____

A

nearby capillaries in the glomerulus and cover endothelium not covered by podocytes

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44
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells are located between _______ and _______ at the ______ and are associated with the _________.

A

afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole and are associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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45
Q

Characteristics and functions of Mesangial cells

A
  • Contractile: utilize cytoskeletal contractile proteins to modify blood flow through glomerular capillaries
  • Phagocytic: take up worn out glomerular basal lamina for recycling and also phagocytose immunoglobulins trapped in the basal lamina
  • proliferative
  • synthesize matrix and collagen
  • Secrete prostaglandins and endothelins
  • Respond to angiotensin II
  • Provide mechanical support and regulate blood flow
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46
Q

what are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  • macula densa
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
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47
Q

The macula densa is formed by

A

densely packed cells in the wall of the convoluted tubule. . polarity of these cells is reversed

48
Q

The macula densa responds to changes in

A

sodium and chloride concentration in the urine or hypotension

49
Q

The macula densa signals _____ release from juxtaglomerular cells

A

renin

50
Q

Macula densa is involved in regulation of _______ and _______

A

fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure

51
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells associated with macula densa and afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

52
Q

Secrete renin into blood when stimulated by the macula densa

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

53
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells are innervated by ______ which increase renin release

A

sympathetic nerve endings

54
Q

The simple squamous epithelium of Bowman’s capsule becomes continuous with the simple cuboidal epithelium of the _______.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

55
Q

What is the first part of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

56
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubule

A
  • The proximal convoluted tubule
  • The descending limb of Henle (with thick and thin portions)
  • The loop of Henle
  • The ascending limb of Henle (with thick and thin portions)
  • The distal convoluted tubule
57
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is continuous with the

A

collecting duct

58
Q

What are the components of the renal filtration barrier

A
  • Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  • Fused basal laminae of endothelial cells and podocytes
  • Flitration slits
59
Q

Filtration slits of the renal filtration barrier are created by? and covered by

A

-adjacent pedicels of podocytes, covered by filtration slit diaphragm

60
Q

Pedicels are attached to basal lamina via

A

alpha3beta1 integrins

61
Q

The basal lamina of the renal filtration barrier contains

A
  • type IV collagen
  • fibronectin
  • laminin
  • heparin sulphate
62
Q

Selectivity of the renal filtration barrier

A
  • water, glucose, and most ions pass through filter into Bowman’s space
  • Proteins are typically excluded from passing across the filter
  • Molecules with a large negative charge are excluded
63
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule extends from the _____ of the renal corpuscle to the beginning of the loop of henle

A

urinary pole

64
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule has what kind of epithelium made up of ________ cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, truncated pyramidal cells

65
Q

Characteristics of the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium made up of truncated pyramidal cells
  • Apical tight junctions and brush border
  • Basolateral infolding and interdigitations
  • Basal striations with abundant mitochondria (for active transport across basal membrane)
  • Large, pale-staining nuclei
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm
66
Q

What are the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • Reabsorbs most of the filtrate, including water
  • Removes essentially all the glucose and amino acids form the filtrate
  • Reabsorbs most of the sodium and chloride ions
  • Characterized by a complex set of transporters, co-transporters, channels, and exchangers
67
Q

_____ extends form the proximal to distal convoluted tubules

A

Loop of Henle

68
Q

The loop of henle is made up of a ____ and ____

A

ascending limb and descending limb

69
Q

The descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle each have a

A

thick and thin segments

70
Q

_____ segments of the loop of Henle are composed of simple low cuboidal epithelium

A

Thick segments

71
Q

_____ segments of the loop of Henle are composed of simple squamous epithelium

A

Thin segments

72
Q

Cells of the thick ascending limb have no _____ and more ____ than other parts of the loop of Henle

A

No brush border, more basal vertical striations

73
Q

The ascending limb is impermeable to

A

water

74
Q

The descending limb is permeable to

A

water and sodium chloride ions

75
Q

The ascending limb is impermeable to ____ and actively pumps ____ out of the tubule, allowing ____ to follow

A

Water, actively pumps chloride ion out of the tubule, allowing sodium ions to follow

76
Q

The major function of the loop of Henle

A

is to establish the counter-current exchange system which creates the osmotic conditions necessary to pull water out of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct in the presence of ADH

77
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is impermeable to water except in the presence of

A

ADH

78
Q

ADH is derived from the

A

posterior pituitary

79
Q

What is the function of ADH

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
-fxn- to reduce water loss
80
Q

The distal convoluted tubule is lined with ____ epithelium with ___ cells than those of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, smaller

81
Q

The lumen of the distal convoluted tubule is _____ than that of the proximal convoluted tubule and there is no ______

A

larger, no brush border

82
Q

The cytoplasm of the distal convoluted tubule is ____ eosinophilic than that of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

less

83
Q

______ has a different embryological origin than that of the nephron

A

The collecting duct

84
Q

The wall of the collecting duct consists of

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

85
Q

What are the two major specialized cell types associated with the collecting duct

A
  • Principle cells

- Intercalated cells

86
Q

Function of Principle cells

A
  • Reabsorb sodium ions and water

- Secrete potassium via ATPase pump

87
Q

Function of Intercalated cells

A

Secrete either hydrogen ion or bicarbonate ion

88
Q

what makes up the excretory passages of the kidney

A
  • Renal Pelvis
  • Ureter
  • Urinary bladder
89
Q

What are the layers in the excretory passages (renal pelvis, Ureter, and urinary bladder) of the kidney

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa (not clearly demarcated)
  • Muscularis
  • Adventitia (FECT external to muscularis; series over superior surface of bladder)
90
Q

Characteristics of the mucosa of the excretory passages (renal pelvis, Ureter, and urinary bladder) of the kidney

A
  • Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
  • Basement membrane
  • Lamina propria of FECT
  • some loose lymphoid tissue
  • A few smooth muscle cells
91
Q

Inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle coat in ureter

A

Muscularis

92
Q

The _____ ureter has a third external longitudinal smooth muscle coat (muscularis)

A

Lower third

93
Q

Layers of smooth muscle in urinary bladder form

A

detrusor muscle

94
Q

Section of the urethra passing through prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

95
Q

The mucosa of the prostatic urethra is lined with

A

transitional epithelium

96
Q

Vascularization of prostatic urethra

A

-highly vascularized with veins with abundant elastic tissue

97
Q

The membranous urethra extends through ________ and receives striated muscle cells forming the ___________ of the _____

A

urogenital diaphragm, external sphincter of the bladder

98
Q

The membraneous urethra is composed of _____ cells

A

tall pseudostratified columnar cells but variable

99
Q

What are the major components of the male urethra

A
  • Prostatic urethra
  • Membraneous urethra
  • Cavernous urethra
100
Q

The cavernous urethra is lined with ________ epithelium with patches of ______ epithelium

A

pseudostratified epithelium, with patches of stratified squamous epithelium

101
Q

Glands of the male urethra

A
  • Lucanae of Morgagni

- Glands of Littre

102
Q

________ are invaginations of mucous membrane containing single or groups of intraepithelial mucous cells in male urethra

A

Lucanae of Morgagni

103
Q

______ are branched tubulara glands opening into the lacunae of Morgagni

A

Glands of Littre

104
Q

Mucosa of the female urethra is lined primarily with _______ epithelium with intraepithelial nests of ______

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, mucous glands

105
Q

Vascularization of the lamina propria in the female urethra

A

highly vascularized with veins with an abundance of elastic tissue

106
Q

The submucosa of the female urethra is

A

not discernible

107
Q

Muscularis of the female urethra has an ________ and ______ but is not

A

inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells but is not well defined

108
Q

The adventitia of the female urethra is not

A

discernible

109
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of ______ from _____

and ____ from the ____

A

Aldosterone from adrenal cortex

ADH from the posterior pituitary

110
Q

Aldosterone acts on the ________ cells of the _______ and the _______

A

principal cells of the collecting ducts and thick ascending limbs of Henle

111
Q

Angiotensin I is primarily produced in the

A

lungs

112
Q

Angiotensin-converting factor (ACE) is from _______ and ____ and converts

A

pulmonary and renal endothelium

converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

113
Q

Renin converts

A

antiotensinogen to angiotensin I

114
Q

Angiotensinogen is a circulating blood protein produced by the

A

liver

115
Q

Angiotensin II increases the reabsorption of ______ and ____- which increases

A

sodium ion and water, which increases blood pressure

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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