Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Exam III Material > Pulmonary Histology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system consists of a ______ portion and a _____ portion

A

Conducting, gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Respiratory mucosa lines the respiratory passageway and consists of

A
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:
    • Respiratory epithelium
    • Lines most of conducting structures
  • Lamina propria
    • Thin layer of loose CT
  • Submucosa
    • Dense irregular CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Respiratory epithelium structure

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The lamina propria of respiratory mucosa is

A

thin layer of loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The submucosa of respiratory system

A

dense irregular CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory epithelium lines

A

most of the conducting structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epithelium of the nares/Nostrils composition

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium continuous with epidermis

- Contains sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Respiratory/nasal mucosa begins where in the nose

A

at the level of nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nasal mucosa includes:

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • basement membrane
  • Lamina propria (blends with underlying bone or cartilage)
  • Depending on location, mucosa may be called mucoperiosteum, mucoperichondrium, or the Schneiderian membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located

A

in the nasal cavity roof

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

composition of olfactory epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells

- no distinct basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cell of olfactory epithelium

A
  • Sustentacular cells (supporting cells) with pigment granules
  • basal cells with pigment granules:
    • Stem cells-give rise to immature olfactory cells
  • Olfactory cells:
    • Bipolar neurons
    • Apical end projects into nasal cavity as a knoblike ending with nonmotile cilia
    • Cilia possess G-protein-linked odor-specific receptors
    • Basal end of the cell extends as an unmyelinated axon, bundled with other similar axons, through the ethmoid plate to mitral cells located in the olfactory bulb
    • Olfactory cells senesce and are replaced from basal cells
    • olfactory glands of bowman:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are olfactory glands of bowman located

A

in the lamina propria of olfactory mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do olfactory glands of bowman secrete

A

odorant-binding protein, which binds to odorant molecule in nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Generation of AP in Olfactory system

A

odorant-binding protein+ odorant molecules—> binds to odorant receptor protein (G protein) on olfactory cell cilium—> G-protein activated adenyl cyclase—> G-protein activated adenyl with ATP —-> cAMP—> Opening of Na+ channels —-> AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the only neurons that can repopulate

A

Olfactory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mucosa of the nasopharynx

A
  • Respiratory epithelium

- Lamina propria with FECT, mucous glands, serous and mixed glands, and diffuse lymphatic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Submucosa of Nasopharynx

A
  • Loose CT

- MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring

A
  • Located in the Nasopharynx
  • Ring of lymphoid tissue around nasopharynx
  • Includes Tonsils and Adenoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is FECT

A

Fibrous-elastic Connective Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histology of the Larynx components

A

Epiglottis
False vocal cords (vestibular folds)
True vocal cords
- Remainder of the larynx is covered with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • sits above the opening to the trachea
  • Lingual surface: covered with stratified squamous epithelium
    • Lamina propria with loose CT and elastic fibers
  • Pharyngeal surface:
    • Covered with pseudostratied ciliated epithelium
    • Lamina propria with tubuloacinar seromucous glands
  • Core of the epiglottis consists of elastic cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

False vocal cords (vestibular folds)

A
  • Covered with pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

- Lamina with seromucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

True vocal cords

A
  • Covered with stratified squamous epithelium

- Lack seromucous glands in lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tissues found in the layrnx

A
  • Epithelium
    • Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar)
    • Stratified squamous epithelium (in 2 places)
  • Cartilage
    • Hyaline cartilages:
      • Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids
    • Elastic cartilages:
      - Corniculates, cuneiforms, tips of arytenoids, epiglottis
  • Muscle
    - Skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Composition of the Trachea

A
  • Mucosa:
    • Respiratory epithelium with thick basement membrane
    • Lamina propria with delicate FECT and lymphatic tissue
  • Submucosa
    • many sero-mucous glands
  • Adventitia
    • 16-20 horseshoe-shaped cartilages interconnected by FECT
    • opening between arms of horseshoe-shaped cartilages closed by: FECT, Mucous membrane, and smooth muscles (Trachealis muscles)
      • mixed glands and capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The right lung has how many lobes

A

3

28
Q

Lungs refers to

A

all respiratory system components distal to the trachea

29
Q

each lobe of the lung is divided into a number of lobules called

A

bronchopulmonary segments

30
Q

The trachea divides into ____ primary bronchi

A

two, one to each lung

31
Q

Each primary bronchus divides into _____ (to the right lung) or____ (to the left lung) secondary bronchi, also referred to as segmental bronchi

A

3, 2

32
Q

each bronchus divide into

A

secondary bronchi, also referred to as segmental bronchi

33
Q

The primary bronchi lie

A

outside the lung and are referred to as extrapulmonary

34
Q

The bronchi resemble the trachea except

A

for a smaller diameter, and the cartilage ring that reinforces them are circular rather than horseshoe-shaped

35
Q

Segmental bronchi are mostly

A

intrapulmonary

36
Q

Secondary/segmental bronchi are reinforced by

A

circular rings of hyaline cartilage that transition to irregular plates

37
Q

As the bronchi become smaller there is a ________ in height of the epithelium, a _______ in cartilage and glands, and an ______ in the proportion of elastic fibers and smooth muscles

A

decrease, decrease, increase

38
Q

General histology of the intrapulmonary bronchi

A
  • Mucosa
    • Similar to trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi
    • mucosal folds may be present due to smooth muscles
    • Elastic fibers are prominent
  • Submucosa
    • Characterized by loose CT and lymphatic tissue
    • Contains mixed glands and mucous glands
  • Adventitia
    • Contains hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT
39
Q

General characteristic of bronchioles

A
  • Absence of cartilage
  • Absence of glands
  • Sparse goblet cells, especially in terminal bronchioles
  • Large amount of smooth muscle tissue
  • Diameter ranges from 1 mm to about 0.3 mm
  • Epithelium transitions form ciliated columnar with a few goblet cells to ciliated cuboidal with no goblet cells (terminal bronchioles)
  • Smallest brochioles are the terminal bronchioles
  • Each terminal bronchiole branches to form two or more respiratory bronchioles
40
Q

general characteristic of respiratory bronchioles

A

-Diameter

41
Q

Alveolar ducts

A
  • continuations of respiratory bronchioles
  • cone-shaped
  • squamous epithelium
  • Wall consists of smooth muscle with FECT
42
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

each sac is composed of several alveoli

43
Q

Alveoli within alveolar sacs are separated by

A

alveolar septa

44
Q

Walls of the alveoli and septa are thin and composed of

A
  • Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)
    • less numerous than type II alveolar cells
    • Cover larges surface area
  • Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)
    • Cuboidal or rounded
    • Serve as stem cells for type I and type II pneumocytes
  • Macrophages (dust cells)
45
Q

What are the pores of Kohn

A

openings between adjacent alveoli

46
Q

Cell types in the respiratory epithelium and alveoli

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Nonciliated columnar cells
    • have microvilli but no cilia
  • Stem cells
    • Basal cells of pseudostratified epithelium
    • Replace themselves
  • Goblet cells
    • Mucous secreting cells
    • Also stem cells; can replace other cells of epithelium
  • Neuroendocrine cells (small granule cells)
    • May be associated with sensory reception and are more prevalent in infant
    • Release catecholamines
47
Q

neuroendocrine cells (small granule cells)

A
  • may be associated with sensory reception and are more prevalent in infants
  • release catecholamines
48
Q

Surfactant is secreted by

A

Clara cells and type II alveolar cells

49
Q

Type II alveolar cells contain numerous

A

lamellar bodies

50
Q

what is the function of surfactant

A

reduces surface tension on alveolar surface

51
Q

Type II alveolar phagocytize

A

old surfactant

52
Q

Type II alveolar cells contain numerous lamellar bodies, which

A
  • are distinctive under EM
  • Contain dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
    • secreted from apical domain of cells
    • combine with proteins from clara cells
53
Q

Type I pneumocytes (alveolar cells)

A
  • very thin cytoplasm
  • cover about 95% of the alveolar surface
  • tight junctions connect with other type I cells
  • Basal lamina may be fused with basal lamina of nearby capillaries
54
Q

Type II pneumocytes (alveolar cells)

A
  • Rounded cells that bulge into the alveolar lumen
  • Cover about 5% of the alveolar surface
  • Can divide and replace type I pneumocytes
  • Produce phospholipid-protein surfactant that coats alveolar walls
55
Q

Type II pneumocytes (alveolar cells ) produce

A

phospholipid-protein surfactant that coats alveolar walls

56
Q

explain how odors lead to action potential

A

(odorant-binding protein + odorant molecule) —–> binds to odorant receptor protein (G protein) on olfactory cell cilium ——> G-Protein activated adenyl cyclase——- turns ATP to cAMP——–> opens Na+ channels ——-> Action potential

57
Q

Clara cells are only found in the

A

bronchioles

58
Q

The number of Clara Cells in the bronchioles increases as

A

ciliated columnar cells decrease

59
Q

What is the Histological identification characteristic of Clara Cells

A

can be identified by an apical surface that bulges into the lumen of the airway

60
Q

Clara cells function

A

secrete surface-active lipoprotein that prevents collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation (surfactant)

61
Q

Do Clara cells contain abundant SER

A

Yes

62
Q

Dust cells are _____ and are derived from ____-

A

Macrophages, derived from monocytes

63
Q

Function of dust cells

A

phagocytize particles such as pollutants, bacteria, and surfactant that are not trapped in the mucous and expectorated

64
Q

What is the relation of dust cells to CHF (congestive heart failure)

A
  • in CHF, fluid containing the breakdown products of hemoglobin (iron-containing hemosiderin) leak into alveolar spaces and are phagocytize by dust cells
  • the iron-containing dust cells are referred to as heart failure cells
65
Q

Iron-containing dust cells are referred to as

A

heart failure cells

66
Q

List the components of the air-blood respiratory barrier

A
  • Thin capillary endothelium (continuous endothelium)
  • Thin epithelium of pneumocyte (type I)
  • intervening basal lamina produced by both cell types
67
Q

function(s) of blood-air barrier

A

permits gas exchange but does not allow fluids or cells to enter alveoli (normally)

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions