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Histology Exam III Material > Lower GI II > Flashcards

Lower GI II Flashcards

1
Q

______ hydrolyzes starch to form sugars

A

Amylase

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2
Q

Amylase is secreted by glands in the _______ as well as by the ______

A

mouth, pancreas

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3
Q

Starch is hydrolyzed to ________

A

disaccharides

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4
Q

Disaccharides are broken down to __________

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

the breakdown of disaccharides occurs in _______ of _________

A

brush border of small intestine

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6
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed by _________

A

enterocytes

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7
Q

The absorption of monosaccharides by enterocytes involves

A

energy-dependent mediator-specific carriers: Na+-dependent sugar glucose transporter-1 (SGLT-1)

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8
Q

Digestion of proteins begins in the ______

A

stomach

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9
Q

Proteins are hydrolyzed to

A

peptides

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10
Q

Digestion of proteins occurs through action of ______ (activated form of ______)

A

Pepsin (activated form of pepsinogen)

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11
Q

The digestion of proteins requires _____ environment of stomach, why?

A

proteins. Activation of pepsinogen to pepsin occurs in acidic enviroments

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12
Q

Polypeptide breakdown to peptides also occurs in the ______ and also occurs in the _______

A

stomach, small intestine

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13
Q

Polypeptide breakdown to peptides in the small intestine involves what enzymes secreted by the ______?

A

Secreted by the pancreas

  • Trypsin
  • Chymotrypsin
  • Elastase
  • Carboxypeptidase
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14
Q

Activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes is initiated by ______ (______) secreted by ___________

A

Enteropeptidase (enterokinase)

secreted by Duodenal enterocytes

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15
Q

Breakdown of oligopeptides to amino acids occurs in the

A

intestinal brush border

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16
Q

Transport of amino acids into enterocytes is via

A

carrier mediated process

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17
Q

Digestion of lipids begins in the _____

A

small intestine

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18
Q

Lipids enter the small intestine as _______

A

triglyceride droplets

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19
Q

________ emulsifies triglyceride droplets into smaller droplets and releases fatty acids and glycerol

A

pancreatic lipase

20
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol combine with bile salts to form

A

micelles (2 nm in diameter)

21
Q

Micelles can transport

A
  • Fatty acids
  • monoglycerides
  • glycerol
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin K
22
Q

_______ splits cholesterol into cholesterol and fatty acids

A

pancreatic lipid esterase

23
Q

pancreatic lipid esterase splits cholesterol esters into

A

cholesterol and fatty acids

24
Q

Micelles are _______ absorbed across ______ apical plasma membrane

A

passively, enterocyte

25
Q

what is required for micelles to be passively absorbed across enterocyte apical plasma membrane

A

Requires fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) in apical membrane

26
Q

monoglycerides and glycerol are reesterified in the enterocyte ______ to form ______

A

SER, Triglycerides

27
Q

The reesterification of monoglycerides and glycerol in the enterocyte SER requires _______ and _____ , which are found in

A

Acyl-CoA synthetase and acyltransferase

  • found in membranes of enterocyte SER
28
Q

Triglycerides recombine with proteins (from RER) to form ________

A

chylomicrons

29
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates begin in the _______

A

mouth

30
Q

Triglycerides recombine with proteins (from RER) to form

A

Chylomicrons

31
Q

Chylomicrons are enclosed within membranes in __________, these membranes fuse to the plasma membrane and allow

A

Golgi Apparatus, exocytosis

32
Q

Chylomicrons enter intercellular spaces and are taken up by __________ ________

A

central lacteals

33
Q

Central lacteals are blind endings of lymphatic vessels within _______ that forms the content of the intercellular spaces within the _____

A

Lamina propria, villi

34
Q

Lacteals dump into the large _____ _______ (_____ _____) that carry lymph form the gut tract

A

lymphatic network (cisterna chyli)

35
Q

After being taken up by the central lacteals chylomicrons will later enter the blood via the

A

lymph ducts that enter the subclavian veins

36
Q

Proteins and carbohydrates enter the blood vessels in the villi and are transported to the liver via the _____ ____ _____

A

hepatic portal system

37
Q

Secretory activities of the GI tract are largely controlled by various _______ that, in turn, are under the influence of the contents of the GI tract.

A

hormones

38
Q

Cholecystokinin site of secretion and in response of

A
  • Upper intestinal mucosa (duodenum)

- Secreted in response to gastric contents

39
Q

Targets and effects of cholecystokinin

A
  • Acts on pyloric sphincter to slow down emptying of stomach
  • Stimulates bile release from gallbladder
  • Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes
  • Competitive inhibitor of gastrins.
40
Q

Site of secretion of gastrin

A

pyloric-antral portion of stomach

41
Q

Targets and effects of Gastrin

A
  • Stimulates HCl production by gastric parietal ells
  • Promotes growth of gastric mucosa
  • Stimulates gastric motility
  • Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
42
Q

Site of Secretin secretion

A
  • Epithelial cells of duodenum

- Stimulated by acid contents of stomach

43
Q

Targets and effects of Secretin

A
  • Enhances release of insulin by pancreatic Beta Cells

- Stimulates bicarbonate secretion by pancreas

44
Q

The epithelium of the anus is ________ epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

45
Q

Skeletal muscle returns in the anal canal as the

A

external anal sphincter

46
Q

What is the difference between internal and external hemorrhoids

A

internal are part of the internal hemorrhoidal plexus, which is internal to the internal anal sphincter and external hemorrhoidal plexus that is external to the external anal sphincter

47
Q

What are hemorrhoids

A

Veins connecting the internal and external hemorrhoidal plexuses can become dilated and bulge the mucosa

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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