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Histology Exam III Material > Integument II > Flashcards

Integument II Flashcards

1
Q

How thick is the dermis

A

0.5 to 3 mm thick

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2
Q

Dermis corresponds to _______ of a mucous membrane

A

lamina propria

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3
Q

Synonyms for Subcutaneous tissue

A
  • Sub Q
  • Superficial fascia
  • Hydodermis
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4
Q

What is directly related to finger prints

A

Primary dermal ridge

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5
Q

Primary dermal ridge is found everywhere except

A

forehead, external ear, perineum, and scrotum

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6
Q

Primary dermal ridges are formed during

A

3rd to 4th months of fetal life

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7
Q

Primary dermal ridges are subdivided into

A

two secondary ridges by interpapillary peg

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8
Q

What is the interpapillary peg

A
  • It is a downward growth along the crest

- subdivides primary dermal ridge into two secondary dermal ridges

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9
Q

Secondary dermal ridges occur in ______ rows, Branched

A

double

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10
Q

Composition of the secondary dermal ridges

A

Thin collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

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11
Q

What are dermal papillae

A

upward projections from each secondary dermal ridge

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12
Q

Functions of the integument

A
  • protection from mechanical injury
  • Prevents desiccation
  • Protects against foreign substances and microorganisms
  • Protects against UV radiation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Regulation of blood pressure (via dermal capillary network)
  • Excretion of metabolic waste products
  • Synthesis of Provitamin D
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13
Q

Integument regulates blood pressure via

A

dermal capillary network

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14
Q

Thick and thin skin refers to the _______ only

A

epidermis

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15
Q

Characteristics of thick skin

A
  • Occurs only on palm and soles and is HAIRLESS
  • epidermis varies from 0.4 to 0.6 mm thick
  • Displays all five epidermal layers
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16
Q

Characteristics of thin skin

A
  • Occurs everywhere except for palms and soles
  • epidermis varies form 75 to 150umm thick
  • Thinnest skin is on the eyelids
  • thickest thin skin is on the back
  • thicker on extensor surfaces than flexor surfaces
  • epidermal layers less distinct and lacking stratum lucidum
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17
Q

Where is the thinnest thin skin

A

eyelids

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18
Q

Where is the thickest thin skin

A

on Back

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19
Q

Epidermal layers of thin skin are _____ and lacking _______

A

less distinct, stratum lucidum

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20
Q

Epidermis is derived from

A

embryonic ectoderm

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21
Q

Layers of epidermis (from deepest to most superficial)

A
  • Stratum basal (germinativum)
  • Stratum spinosum (Stratum Malpighi)
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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22
Q

Langerhans cells are found in what epidermal layer

A

Stratum spinosum (Stratum Malpighi)

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23
Q

The stratum lucidum is absent in

A

thin skin

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24
Q

in thin skin the stratum granulosum is represented by

A

only a few cells

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25
Q

Melanocytes originate in the _____ and are visible form the _____ embryonic week

A

neural crest, 8th

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26
Q

Characteristics of stratum Basale (germinativum)

A
  • Deepest
  • Columnar to high cuboidal keratinocytes
  • Keratins 5 and 14 (low-molecular weight keratins)
  • Single layer of cells
    • Held together by desmosomes
    • Hemidesmosomes hold layer to basal lamina
  • High mitotic activity
    • mitotic activity produces stem cells differentiating keratinocytes
    • Affected by chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments
27
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Polyhedra-shaped cells (prickle cells)
  • Keratins 1 and 10 (high molecular weight keratins)
  • Keratohyalin granules develop
  • Membrane-coating granules first appear
    - Lamellar bodies
    - Contain lipid, carbohydrate, and hydrolytic enzymes
  • Tonofibrils
    • Form intercellular bridges
28
Q

Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum

A
  • Multilayered
  • Keratins 2e and 9
  • Flattened nucleated keratinocytes
  • Keratohyalin aggregates:
    • Fillagrin induces cross-linkage of keratin filaments by disulfide bonds
      - no limiting membrane
  • Membrane-coating granules (lamellar bodies)
    - Acylglucosylceramide—> intercellular spaces
  • Tonofilaments
29
Q

General Organization of the Integument

A
  • Epidermis
  • Basement membrane
  • Dermis
  • Subcutaneous tissue
  • Epidermal Ridges
30
Q

What keratins are in the stratum basal (Germinativum)

A

Keratins 5 and 14 (low-molecular weight keratins)

31
Q

Keratin-containing intermediate filaments that form intercellular bridges in the stratum spinosum

A

Tonofibrils

32
Q

What are Lamellar bodies

A
  • Membrane-coating granules that first appear in the stratum spinosum but are also present in the stratum granulosum
  • Contain lipid, carbohydrate, and hydrolytic enzymes
33
Q

Lamellar bodies contain

A

-lipid, carbohydrate, and hydrolytic enzymes

34
Q

What keratins are present in the stratum granulosum

A

keratins 2e and 9

35
Q

What keratins are present in the Stratum spinosum

A

Keratins 1 and 10 (high molecular weight keratins)

36
Q

in what layer of the epidermis do keratohyalin granules develop

A

Stratum spinosum

37
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • Flat keratinocytes lacking nuclei and organelles
  • only found in thick skin
  • contains eleiden
38
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Multilayered (5-50 layers)
  • Thicker in thick skin
  • Enucleated, flattened, dead keratinocytes
  • Cytoplasm replaced by keratin
  • cytoplasm contains:
    • keratin cross-linked with filaggrin
    • cornfield cell envelope
39
Q

Keratin in the stratum corneum is cross-linked with

A

Filaggrin

40
Q

The cornified cell envelope has a ____ and ____ component

A
  • extracellular
    • multi-lamellar lipid layer covalently linked to involucrine
  • intracellular
    • Involucrine
    • Small proline-rich proteins
    • Loricrin
    • Fillagrin and keratin complexes
41
Q

induces the aggregate of keratins

A

Filaggrin

42
Q

mutation of Keratin 1 and keratin 10 is caused of

A

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK)

43
Q

Mutation of Keratin 5 and 14 is the cause of

A

epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS)

44
Q

Defects in keratin 2e cause

A

ichthyosis bulls of Siemens (IBS)

45
Q

A defect of keratin 9 is associated with

A

epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK)

46
Q

a specialized structure that reinforces the plasma membrane of keratinocytes

A

cornfield cell envelope

47
Q

Keratinization

A
  1. ) lipids covalently linked to involucrin, thus contributing to the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier.
  2. ) The cornfield cell envelope is a specialized structure that reinforces the plasma membrane of keratinocytes when they reach their final stage of differentiation. it consists of aggregates of keratins and filaggrin and a complex of three proteins: involucrin, small proline-rich proteins (SPRs), and loricrin, cross-linked by the enzyme transglutaminase K (TGK)
  3. ) Keratin filaments, aggregated by filaggrin, interact with the inner side of the plasma membrane to form the cell envelope
  4. ) Tight junctions in the stratum granulosum, containing claudin-1 and claudin-4 are components of the permeability barrier
48
Q

Dermis characteristics

A
  • Dense fibrous irregular CT layer beneath epidermis
  • Derived form Embryonic mesoderm
  • Induces development of epidermis and epidermal derivatives
  • Supports epidermis
49
Q

Hypodermis characteristics

A
  • Loose CT that underlies dermis
  • Corresponds to superficial fascia of gross anatomy
  • Technically not part of skin
  • May contain fat cells that can form a thick layer called the panicles adiposus
50
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis

A
  • Papillary layer (closest to the epidermis)

- Reticular layer

51
Q

Composition of the papillary layer of the dermis

A
  • Closest to the epidermis
  • Loose CT
  • Separated form epidermis by basal lamina
  • Network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries
52
Q

The papillary layer is separated form the epidermis by the

A

basal lamina

53
Q

Composition of the Reticular layer of the dermis

A
  • Dense irregular CT

- Includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes

54
Q

Langerhans cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • Derived from monocytes
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • primarily in the stratum spinosum
  • Migrate from epidermis to lymph nodes
  • Birbeck granules
55
Q

Langerhans cells interact with keratinocytes through

A

E-Cadherins on their surface

56
Q

Birbeck granules

A

Found in langerhans cells

contain the proteins langerin and CD1a (cell surface marker), involved in the uptake and delivery of antigens

57
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • May also act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells
  • Usually in stratum germinative (basale)
  • Contain catecholamine-like granules
58
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Derived from melanoblasts
  • Do not form desmosome attachements in epidermis
  • Inject melanin granules into keratinocytes
  • Pathway for melanin formation:
    • Tryrosin–> 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) –> dopaquinone–> melanin
    • Requires tyrosinase
59
Q

What is the pathway for melanin formation

A
  • tyrosin—> 3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)—> dopaquinone—> melanin
  • * requires tyrosinase***
60
Q

Development of the integument

A
  • Epidermis starts as a single layer of ectodermal cells
    • divide during the sixth week to form:
      • Periderm
        • Sloughs off to form vernix caseosa
      • Inner cuboidal germinal layer:
        • Continues to proliferate to form adult layers of the epidermis and derivatives:
        • 10 weeks: fingernails
        • 12 weeks: Hair buds and toenails
  • Dermis is derived from mesoderm
61
Q

Tactile receptor present in dermal papilla

A

Meissner’s corpuscle (note that they are present in fingers, hand, foot, front of forearm, lips, and tongue)

62
Q

Merkel cells are usually located in

A

The stratum Germinativum

63
Q

Do melanocytes form desmosome attachments in epidermis

A

No

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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