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Histology Exam III Material > Immune and lymphatic system I > Flashcards

Immune and lymphatic system I Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of immunity lacks immune specificity and memory

A

Innate Immunity

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2
Q

What is innate immunity’s “response”

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

What are the first responders in innate immunity

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

What kind of immunity develops in response to antigens

A

Acquired immunity

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5
Q

Is acquired immunity more powerful than innate immunity

A

Yes

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6
Q

Does acquired immunity take longer to develop than innate

A

Yes

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7
Q

What kind of immunity displays specificity and memory

A

Acquired immunity

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8
Q

Temporary immunity due to donated antibodies (i.e., Transplacental passing of maternal antibodies to fetus)

A

Passive immunity

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9
Q

Long-lasting/permanent immunity due to self exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen

A

Active immunity

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10
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity (Plasma cells)

A

Humoral immunity

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11
Q

T cells, B cells and antigen-presenting cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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12
Q

Examples of primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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13
Q

Examples of secondary lymph organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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14
Q

Lymphocytes originate in _____ lymphoid organs and then take up residence in _____ lymphoid organs

A

primary, secondary

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15
Q

In primary lymphoid organs precursor cells mature into_______. Each cell is programmed to recognize

A

immunocompetent cells, a specific antigen

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16
Q

In secondary lymphoid organs trapped antigens

A

stimulate clonal expansions of mature T and B cells

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17
Q

Lymphoid tissue appears in the body as a _____ from ______ lymphoid tissue to _____ lymphoid tissue to ______

A

gradient, diffuse, aggregated, lymphoid organs

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18
Q

Are lymph follicles (nodules) enclosed within a capsule

A

No

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19
Q

Lymph follicles (nodules) occur _____ or in ______

A

singly or in aggregates

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20
Q

Lymph follicles (nodules) are sites of _____ localization and proliferation

A

B cell

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21
Q

What are the sites of B cell localization and proliferation

A

Lymph follicles (nodules)

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22
Q

Are lymph follicles (nodules) transient

A

yes

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23
Q

are spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens

A

Primary follicles (nodules)

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24
Q

Are derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to non self antigens

A

Secondary Follicles (nodules)

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25
Q

Are secondary follicles (nodules) present at birth

A

No

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26
Q

What are the two structural components of a secondary lymph follicle (nodule)

A
  • Corona (cortex)

- Germinal Center

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27
Q

The Corona (cortex) of a secondary lymph follicle has what appearance and composition

A
  • darker peripheral region

- Composed of densely packed B lymphocytes

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28
Q

The Germinal Center of a secondary Lymph Follicle (nodule) has what appearance and composition

A
  • Central, lighter stained region
  • Composed of B lymphocytes, memory B cells, plasma cells, dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen-presenting cells
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29
Q

Explain the vascular supply of a secondary lymph follicle (nodule)

A
  • Arteriole and venue supply the cortex
  • Another arteriole and venue supply the center
  • Lymph Capillaries are not present
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30
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue is made up of

A

scattered clusters of plasma cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes located in the CT Stroma and various other sites

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31
Q

Subcutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue is found in the

A

papillary layer of the dermis

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32
Q

Give 3 examples of Lamina propria- associated lymphoid tissues includes

A 
MALT= Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
BALT= Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue
GALT= Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
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33
Q

Aggregated lymphoid tissue is located

A

beneath and in contact with the epithelium

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34
Q

Examples of aggregated lymphoid tissue

A

Various tonsils and peer’s patches in the ileum

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35
Q

3 types of antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages (monocyte derived)
dendritic cells (monocyte derived)
follicular dendritic cells (lymph node-derived)

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36
Q

T cells differentiate into

A

Helper T cells and Cytolytic T cells

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37
Q

What are two kinds of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

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38
Q

All immune system cells originate in the

A

bone marrow

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39
Q

Immature T cells travel to the

A

Thymus

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40
Q

B-Cells travel to

A

Specific regions in lymphoid tissue

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41
Q

The maturation of B cells involves the appearance of certain cell surface receptors such as

A
  • IgM and IgD
  • MHC class II proteins
  • Complement receptors
  • Ig Fc Receptors
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42
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

-IgA, IgD, IgG, IgM, IgE

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43
Q

Stem B cells in the bone marrow proliferate and mature in a microenvironmental niche provided by bone marrow stream cells producing _________

A

Interleukin-7 (IL-7)

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44
Q

The antigen receptor complex is composed of

A

(IgM or IgD) interacting with two additional proteins linked to each other (IgA and IgB)

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45
Q

Explain B-cell maturation

A

Stem B cells in the bone marrow proliferate and mature in a microenvironmental niche provided by bone marrow stream cells producing Interleukin-7 (IL-7)—> This makes a pro B cells into a pre-B cell—-> which then express either IgM or IgD along with Iga and IgB thus becoming a immature B cell—-> self antigens then test the B cell antigen receptor complex and if it binds to strongly then it undergoes apoptosis and if not then it is enters the circulation as a mature B cell—> enters CT as a plasma cell

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46
Q

Antibody structure

A
  • Light and Heavy Chains
  • Highly variable regions
    • Fab fragment
    • Recognizes antigen
  • Less variable regions
    • Fc Fragment
    • Binds antibody to cells
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47
Q

IgA is found in

A

Saliva, milk, GU and respiratory tracts

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48
Q

IgD is found on

A

surface of B cells traveling to lymphoid organs

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49
Q

What is the major Ig in blood

A

IgG

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50
Q

What Ig is responsible for most antibody activity

A

IgG

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51
Q

IgE is associated with

A

Allergic responses

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52
Q

What is the first antibody class expressed by developing B cells

A

IgM

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53
Q

What is the function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex

A

Main function of MHC products is the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells

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54
Q

What are the two classes of MHC gene products

A

MHC I

MHC II

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55
Q

MHC I is expressed on

A

the surface of all cells except trophoblast and red blood cells

56
Q

MHC II is expressed on

A

the surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells

57
Q

CD8+ T cells recognize

A

peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class I on the surface of cells

58
Q

CD8 is a member of the

A

Ig superfamily

59
Q

Both the ____ and the ______ are required for the binding of MHC class I protein fragments

A

CD8, T cell antigen receptor

60
Q

____ recognize peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class II proteins on surface of APCs (antigen presenting cells)

A

CD4+ T cells

61
Q

Pre-T cells develop in

A

Bone marrow

62
Q

T cells travel to the ____ to complete maturation

A

Thymus

63
Q

The _____ gene locus expresses gene products responsible for the rejection of grafted tissue between two genetically incompatible hosts

A

MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)

64
Q

All nucleated cells express class ____ MHC molecules

A

I

65
Q

Class II MHC molecules are mainly restricted to

A

antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells), thyme epithelial cells of the thymus, and endothelial cells

66
Q

CD4+ T cells recognize antigens

A

bound to MHC class II molecules

67
Q

What are “double-negative” T-cells

A

Precursor T-Cells that enter cortex of the thymus from the bone marrow but lack surface molecules typical of a mature T-cell: Thymus Cell receptor (TCR), and CD4 and CD8 coreceptors

68
Q

Where are double negative T-Cells found

A

in the cortex of the thymus

69
Q

Where are double-positive T-cells found

A

deep in the cortex of the thymus

70
Q

What are double positive T-Cells

A

After interacting with Thymic epithelial cells T cells proliferate, differentiate, and express thyme cell receptor (TCR), and the coreceptors CD4 and CD8

71
Q

Where are Single-positive T cells first found

A

in the medulla of the thymus

72
Q

What happens to Double-positive T cells that cannot recognize self-MHC

A

fail the positive selection and are discarded (clonal deletion)

73
Q

What happens to Double positive T cells that recognize self-MHC

A

They mature and express one of the two coreceptor molecules (CD4 or CD8) and become “single-positive” T cells (clonal selection)

74
Q

CD4+ T cells function

A

Assist CD8+ cells differentiation

assist B cell differentiation

75
Q

CD8+ recognize antigens bound to

A

MHC class I molecules

76
Q

Explain how a CD8+ cytolytic T cell kills?

A
  1. ) binds to antigen-presenting cell and is activated by interleukin-1 produced by the antigen-presenting cell (paracrine mechanism), and by interleukin-2, produced by the cytolytic T cell (autocrine mechanism). The cytolytic T cell divides by mitosis to increase the cell population
  2. ) In the presence of an antigen-presenting cell containing a pathogen antigen (a virus), cytolytic T cells release protein pore-forming perforin to kill the infected target cell. The CD8+ cytolytic T cell protects itself with protectin, a cell surface molecule that binds perforin. Perforin facilitates the delivery of pro-apoptotic granzyme B proteases to the target cell.
  3. ) Fas ligand, released by the cytolytic T cell and bound to the Fas receptor, together with granzyme destroy target cell by apoptosis
77
Q

What do CD8+ T Cells (cytolytic T cells) release

A

Perforin

Fas Ligand

78
Q

What is Fas Ligand

A

Binds to the Fas receptor on a cell and and triggers apoptosis

79
Q

What are the mediators of cellular immunity

A

CD8+

80
Q

What is the function of Perforin released by CD8+ T cells

A

Induces cell membrane damage to the target cell

81
Q

CD16+ T cells are better known at

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

82
Q

Natural killer cells destroy

A

tumor cells

83
Q

CD16+ cells are activated by

A

Tumor cell antigens

T-helper cells release Cytokines

84
Q

Interleukin-2 effect on NK cells

A

Stimulates proliferation of NK cells

85
Q

Interferon-gamma effect on NK cells

A

Activates NK cells

86
Q

Macrophage activating factor (MAF)

A

Activates Macrophages

87
Q

TNF-beta (tumor necrosis factor)

A

kills tumor cells directly

88
Q

Activated T cells undergo mitosis: which leads to

A
  • some daughter cells becoming memory cells

- some daughter cells secrete interleukins

89
Q

T cells attract

A

B cells

90
Q

B cells have access to what

A

Free antigens

91
Q

B cells undergo mitosis leading to

A
  • some daughter cells becoming plasma cells
    - Secrete appropriate antibodies
  • Some daughter cells become memory cells
92
Q

what is an epitope

A

antigenic property that is noticed by the immune system

93
Q

The complement system is an array of about ___ serum proteins which are synthesized in the ___ and found in the blood

A

20, liver

94
Q

Classic pathway of complement system

A

Cascade is activated by antibody binding to pathogen

95
Q

Alternate pathway fo complement system

A

Cascade is directly activated by the pathogen

96
Q

The complement system facilitates

A

inflammatory responses

97
Q

The complement cascade (either pathway) involves

A

coating the pathogen with complement initiating the cascade

98
Q

C1 (the first complement factor in the cascade) is made up of how many subcomponents and what are there names

A

3, C1q, C1r, C1s

99
Q

Immunoglogulins bind to surface of

A

pathogen

100
Q

C1q bind to ___ region of Ig

A

Fc

101
Q

The binding of C1q to Fc region of Ig

A

activates C1r, which activates C1s, which in turn generates a serine protease that initiates complement cascade

102
Q

Protease C1s cleaves complement protein ____ and ___ into what

A

Protease C1s cleaves C4 into C4a and C4b

Protease C1s cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b

103
Q

C2b binds to C4b, which is already bound to the pathogen to make

A

C4b-2b complex or C3 Convertase

104
Q

C3 convertase cleaves

A

C3 into C3a and C3b

105
Q

one C3 converts can cleave about ______ C3 molecules

A

1,000

106
Q

Several C3b molecules bind to C3 convertase to form

A

C4b-2b-3b complex or C5 convertase

107
Q

protein C5 binds to the C3b component of ______ and is cleaved into

A

C5 convertase, C5a and C5b

108
Q

once C5 is bound to C5 convertase the

A

opsonization of the pathogen is complete

109
Q

When C6,C7, and C8 are added to the C4b-2b-3b-5b complex they from

A

pores in the membrane of the pathogen (lytic pore called the membrane attack complex (MAC))

110
Q

Activation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the pathogen leads to

A

perforations and lysis

111
Q

The complement cascade results in:

A
  • activation of MAC (membrane attack complex) on the pathogen leading to perforations and lysis
  • production of opsonins, which are coatings that make the antigens more palatable to phagocytes
  • Release of chemotactic agents (chemokines) which attract phagocytes (chemotaxis) to the areas of infection or inflammation
112
Q

What are opsonins

A

coatings that make the antigens more palatable to phagocytes

113
Q

Parenchyma consists of

A

the cells that typically pack areas of the lymphoid organ

- mostly lymphocytes

114
Q

Stroma consists mostly of

A

reticular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free macrophages

115
Q

size of lymph nodes

A

Varies from 1-25 mm in diameter

116
Q

Lymph node composition

A
  • Capsule
  • Trabeculae
  • Cortex
  • medulla
  • Hilus
117
Q

What is the hilus of a lymph node

A
  • Entry and exit point for vessels
  • efferent lymphatic vessels as well as arteries and veins enter through the hilus
  • Afferent lymphatic vessels enter the convex side of the node
118
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels pierce the ____ and open into the _____ of a lymph node

A

capsule, subcapsular sinus

119
Q

______ arise from the sub capsular sinus and penetrate the cortex of the lymph node

A

paratrabecular sinuses

120
Q

The ______ are confluent with the medullary sinuses at the hilum and penetrate the capsule to join the efferent lymphatic vessel of the lymph node

A

subcortical sinuses

121
Q

The capsule of the lymph node is composed of

A

dense collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fibers

122
Q

The outer cortex of a lymph node contains

A

lymph follicles (nodules)

123
Q

Lymph follicles (nodules) of the outer cortex in a lymph node contain

A
  • B cells
  • Follicular dendritic cells
  • Migrating dendritic cells
124
Q

Secondary lymph follicles (nodules) have

A

a mantle and Germinal center

125
Q

Primary lymph follicles (nodules) lack

A

a mantle and germinal center

126
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary lymph follicle (nodule)

A

secondary have a mantle and germinal center

primary lack a mantle and germinal center

127
Q

The deep (inner) cortex of a lymph node composition

A

-contains T cells (CD4 helper T cells), macrophages

  • high endothelial venules (HEVs)
    • which is the port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node
128
Q

Composition of the medulla of a lymph node

A
  • irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
    • Sinuses are lined with macrophages
    • Cords consist of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
129
Q

medullary cords of lymph node consist of

A

blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells

130
Q

Medullary sinuses of lymph nodes are lined by

A

macrophages

131
Q

The medulla of a lymph node is the site of

A

lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream

132
Q

what is the site of lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream

A

Medulla of a lymph node

133
Q

The thymus dependent areas of a lymph node are

A

in the subcortical and deeper medullary regions

134
Q

What is the most important Opsonin

A

C3b

135
Q

What is the port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node (note located in the deep inner cortex)

A

High endothelial venules (HEVs)

Histology Exam III Material (15 decks)

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