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A. White- Histology > Upper Gi Histology > Flashcards

Upper Gi Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of muscle is found in the GI tract?

A

Skeletal muscle is found at either end, and smooth muscle is found throughout most of the length.

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2
Q

What type of nervous system is found in the GI tract?

A

enteric nervous system. It exists independently of the ANS.

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3
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the GI tract?

A

Bombesin

Motilin

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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4
Q

What do the endocrine cells in the GI tract secrete?

A

neuropeptides

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5
Q

What type of lymphoid tissue is found in the GI tract?

A

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the secretion of mucous in the GI tract?

A

The mucous is a lubricant and reduces friction.

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7
Q

You encounter a patient who has a tumor in the GI tract. Why can tumors typically be found in the GI tract?

A

Because the cells are highly mitotic.

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8
Q

What are the components of the mucous membrane?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

Basment membrane

Lamina propria

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9
Q

What three structures are derived from the epithelial bud?

A

enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac (follicle)

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10
Q

What is the dental papilla?

A

A condensatio of mesenchymal cells that give rise to dentin and pulp.

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11
Q

What is the enamel organ?

A

An organ derived from the epithelial bud that forms enamel. It caps the dental papilla and dental sac, as well as forms the enamel.

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12
Q

The enamel organ is derived from what dermal layer?

A

ectoderm (under influence of mesoderm and neural crest).

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13
Q

The dental papilla is derived from what dermal layer?

A

mesoderm.

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14
Q

What is the function of the dental papilla?

A

To form dentin, cementum, and pulp as well as surrounding connetive tissue and periodontal pulp.

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15
Q

What is the dental lamina?

A

The internal limb of the labiodental lamina.

The labiodental lamina is an epithelial shelf that grows from the thickened primordium into the mesenchyme as a bifid structure.

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16
Q

What is the function of odontoblasts?

A

They form the dentrin matrix.

The also form a single layer of cells lining the pulp cavity.

They form Tomes’ detinal fibers, which are cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblast hrough predentin and dentinal layers.

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17
Q

What are ameloblasts?

A

Cells that form enamel at the tooth crown.

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18
Q

What are cementoblasts?

A

Cells that deposit cementum on the dentin of the root from neck to apex.

It has coarse collagen fibers (Sharpey’s) in a bone-like calcified matrix.

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19
Q

What is the histology of the peridontal membrane?

A

IT is connective tissue with fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, collagen fibers, blood vessels and nerve fibers.

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20
Q

What is the function of the peridontal membrane?

A

It binds cementum to bony socket.

It allows limited movement.

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21
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

A region that separates the anterior 2/3 of the upper oral portion from the posterior 1/3

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22
Q

What are the four kinds of lingual papillae?

A

Filliform papillae, fungiform papillae, foliate papillae, circumvallate papillae

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23
Q

What type of epithelium covers the lingual papillae?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Which lingual papillae is the most numerous?

A

filiform papillae.

It lacks taste buds.

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25
Q

Which lingual papillae is found the least?

A

finguform papillae.

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26
Q

Where are the taste buds located on the fungiform papillae?

A

the oral surface of the epithelium.

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27
Q

Which lingual papillae is found in the tonsils?

A

foliate papillae

28
Q

Which lingual papillae is located along the sulcus terminalis as projections surrounded by a moat?

A

circimvallate papillae

29
Q

Ducts of von Ebner are associated which which linugal papillae?

A

circumvallate papillae

30
Q

What is the structure of taste cells?

A

They are long with an elongated central nucleus. It terminates as a short taste hair which projects into the outer taste pore.

31
Q

What is located at the apical region of the taste receptors?

A

microvilli

32
Q

What occurs at the basal part of taste cells?

A

the release of neurotransmitters.

33
Q

Taste cells can be found between what type of cells?

A

sustentacular cells (supporting cells).

34
Q

What taste is the only one that does not use signal transduction pathways (and depolarization of the cell)?

A

bitter taste

35
Q

What mechanisms are used to transmit salty and sour tastes?

A

signal transduction mechanisms.

36
Q

When you eat a lemon, what channel is blocked in order to cause depolarization (and hence transmission of the taste)?

A

sour

37
Q

What are the differences between bitter and sweet tastes?

A

Bitter tastes involves a hypopolarized state and sweet taste involves a hyperpolarized state.

38
Q

How is the hyperpolarization of a cell achieved when something bitter is tasted?

A

sodium channels are blocked as the G subunit is activated and cGMP is decreased.

39
Q

What are the four layers of the gut tube?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, outermost layer (serosa and adventita.)

40
Q

What are the components of the mucosa?

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosa

41
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the digestive tube?

A

stratified squamous transitioning to simple ccolumnar.

42
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

It contains loose areolar CT associated with epithelium.

It also contains various glands and GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue).

43
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa composed of?

A

1-3 layers of smooth muscle.

44
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

vascularized, dense irregular connective tissue. It contains a nerve plexus: Meissner’s plexus

45
Q

What is the muscularis externa composed of?

A

circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer) layers of smooth muscle.

46
Q

What are the functions of the muscularis externa?

A

It regulates the size of the lumen and the rhythmic movement of the GI tract.

47
Q

What are the two layers of the outermost layer of the digestive tube?

A

serosa and adventitia

48
Q

What are the components of the serosa?

A

dense, irregular connective tissue. It covers intraperitoneal portions of abdominal organs.

49
Q

What is the adventitia composed of?

A

dense irregular CT with adipose tissue.

It covers retriperitoneal portions of the digestive system.

50
Q

What are the specialized regions of the esophagus?

A

the mucosa and muscularis externa.

51
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

52
Q

What is the transition of the muscle in the musclaris extrerna of the esophagus?

A

There is skeletal muscle in the upper third.

There is skeletal muscle and smooth muscle in the middle third.

There is smooth muscle in the lower third.

53
Q

Where does sympathetic innervation travel in the pelvis?

A

Through the gut wall to glands and smooth muscle.

54
Q

What are the two major parasympathetic plexuses in the gut wall?

A

Meissner’s plexus and Auerbach’s plexus

55
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s plexus?

A

regulates local secretions, blood flow and absorption.

56
Q

What is the function of Auerbach’s plexus?

A

coordinates muscular activity of the gut wall.

57
Q

What is the first line of defense in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

IgA

58
Q

What is included in the diffuse lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria?

A

lymphocytes

macrophages

IgA secreting plasma cells.

59
Q

What do aggregated lymphoid tissues form?

A

tonsis of the oropharynx and Peyer’s patches in the submucosa of the ileum.

60
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus.

61
Q

You are looking at a slide of the esophageal-stomach epithelial transition zone. The region is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium. This region is a frequent site for what disorder?

A

cancer

62
Q

What type of epithlium is found in the epithelial lining of the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium with mucous columnar cells.

63
Q

What is found in the cardia of the stomach?

A

mostly mucous glands

64
Q

What is found in the fundus of the stomach?

A

gastric glands (long tubular glands extending down to muscularis mucosae).

65
Q

What is found in the body of the stomach?

A

gastric glands

66
Q

What is found in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

mucous glands and hormone-secreting enteroendorcine cells.

67
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the GI tract?

A

stratified squamous is found at the ends and simple columnar is found along most of the length.

A. White- Histology (25 decks)

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