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A. White- Histology > Pulmonary Histology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

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2
Q

What are the three components of the respiratory mucosa?

A

respiratory epithelium

Lamina propria

Submucosa

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3
Q

What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Does not contain goblet cells.

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4
Q

What is the function of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

They provide support.

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5
Q

What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

They are stem cells that give rise to immature olfactory cells.

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6
Q

What types of cells are present in the olfactory epithelium?

A

sustentacular cells (support cells)

Basal cells (stem cells)

Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)

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7
Q

Olfactory cells are what type of neuron?

A

bipolar neuron.

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8
Q

What are the function of olfactory cells?

A

They allow for the sense of smell. They do so via G-protein linked odor-specific receptors.

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9
Q

You are conducting an experiment on scent and knock out a gene in mice that prevents the proliferation of basal cells. How will the sense of smell be affected?

A

There will be no sense of smell because basal cells are responsible for replacing old olfactory cells.

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10
Q

What is the function of the olfactory glands of Bowman?

A

They secrete odorant binding proteins.

These proteins bind to odorant molecules in the nasal cavity.

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11
Q

If you wanted to prevent the generation of an action potential in the nose, the production of what protein should be inhibited?

A

odorant receptor protein.

The odorant receptor protein binds to the olfactory cell cilium, which activates adenyl cyclase.

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12
Q

The nasopharynx is made up of what three components?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Waldeyer’s Ring

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13
Q

The mucosa consists of what type of epithelium?

A

respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

What comprises the submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

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15
Q

What two surfaces comprise the epiglottis?

A

lingual surface

pharyngeal surface

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16
Q

The lingual surface is comprised of what type of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

The pharyngeal surace is comprised of what type of epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

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18
Q

What type of epithelium is in the false vocal cords (larynx)?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

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19
Q

What epithelium is present in the true vocal cords (larynx)?

A

stratified squamous epithelium.

Lacks seromucous glands.

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20
Q

Excluding the true vocal cords, epiglottis and fase vocal cords, what type of epithelium is present in the larynx?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

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21
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the larynx?

A

hyaline and elastic cartilage

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22
Q

What type of muscle is found in the larynx?

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

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23
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

A

respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar).

24
Q

What are the three components of the trachea?

A

mucosa, submucosa and adventitia.

25
Q

What comprises the “lung?”

A

The respiratory system components distal to the trachea.

Bronchial tree and the alveoli.

26
Q

How many lobes are there?

A

5

(3 on the right, 2 on the left).

27
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Two primary bronchi - one to each lung

Each primary bronchi divides into 3 (right) or 2 (left) secondary bronchi.

28
Q

What is another term for secondary bronchi?

A

segmental bronchi.

29
Q

As the bronchi become smaller, there is a ____ in the height of epithelium, as well as _____.

A

decrease; cartilage and glands.

30
Q

As the bronchi become smaller, what happens to the muscle and fiber content?

A

they both increase.

31
Q

What is another term for primary bronchi?

A

extrapulmonary bronchi

32
Q

What are the three components of the intrapulmonary bronchi?

A

mucosa, submucosa and adventitia.

The submucosa contains loose CT and glands.

The adventitia contains hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT.

33
Q

What are the two main characteristics of bronchioles?

A

They do not have glands or cartilage.

34
Q

What type of muscle is found in the bronchioles?

A

smooth muscle tissue.

35
Q

What is the transition of epithelium in the bronchioles?

A

From ciliated columnar with a few goblet cells to ciliated cuboidal with no goblet cells.

36
Q

What are the smallest bronchioles called?

A

terminal bronchioles.

37
Q

What epithelium is present in the respiratory bronchioles?

A

low columnar to low cuboidal epithelium.

38
Q

What occurs at the respiratory bronchioles?

A

gas exchange. It is the first time in the respiratory tree that gas exchange occurs here.

39
Q

What are the two regions of the alveoli?

A

Alveolar ducts and sacs.

40
Q

What cells comprise the walls of the alveoli and septa?

A

Type I and Type II alveolar cells.

Type I covers the largest surface area.

Type II is cuboidal and serves as stem cells of type I and II cells.

41
Q

What are the Pores of Kohn?

A

Openings between adjacent alveoli.

42
Q

What cell types are found in the mucosa?

A

Ciliated columnar cells

Nonciliated columnar cells

Stem cells

Goblet cells

Neuroendocrine cells.

43
Q

What is the function of neuroendocrine cells?

A

sensory reception.

The release of catecholamines.

44
Q

Clara cells and type II alveolar cells secrete what?

A

A surfactant. It reduces the surface tension on alveolar surfaces.

Type II alveolar cells phagocytize old surfactant.

45
Q

Which type of pneumocyte convers about 95% of the alveolar surface?

A

Type I

46
Q

What type of pneumocyte can divide and replace type I pnuemocytes?

A

Type II

47
Q

The basal lamina of which pneumocyte is sometimes fused with the basal lamina of nearby capillaries?

A

Type I

48
Q

What type of pneumocyte produces phospholipid surfactants that coat alveolar wals?

A

Type II

49
Q

What do clara cells secrete?

A

surface-active lipoproteins that prevent the collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation.

50
Q

You are examining a microscopic slide of the bronchioles. You note that a particular type of cell is present as the ciliated columnar cells decrease. What type of cell have you found?

A

Clara cells.

51
Q

What cells are considered to be macrophages in the bronchioles?

A

Dust cells.

52
Q

You encounter a patient with congestive heart failure. In the patient, hemoglobin particles have leaked into the alveolar spaces. You expect what type of cell to phagocytize the hemoglobin?

A

Dust cells

53
Q

What are the components of the blood-air barrier?

A

thin capillary endothelium

thin epithelium of pneumocyte

basal lamina produced by both cell types.

54
Q

What is the function of the blood-air barrier?

A

To permit gas exchange but to not allow fluids or cells to enter the alveoli.

55
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the nares?

A

stratified squamous epithelium. It is continuous with the epidermis.

A. White- Histology (25 decks)

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