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A. White- Histology > Exam III > Flashcards

Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of lymph follicles?

A

Are not enclosed within a capsule

Occur singly or in aggregates

Are sites of B cell localization and proliferation

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2
Q

What distinguishes a primary lymph node from a secondary lymph node?

A

the presence (secondary) or absence (primary) of a germinal center.

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3
Q

What are the two components of secondary lymph follicles?

A

germinal center and corona (cortex)

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4
Q

What are CD16 cells also known as?

A

NK cells

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5
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

recognize peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class I on the surface of cells.

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6
Q

CD4+

A

recognize peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class II on the surface of cells.

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7
Q

What do CD4+ T cells assist in the differentiation of?

A

CD8+ cells and B cells

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8
Q

What do CD8+ cells release?

A

perforins and fas ligand

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9
Q

What molecule stimulates the proliferation of NK cells?

A

Interleukin-2

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10
Q

What is the most important opsonin?

A

C3B

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11
Q

Where are high endothelial venules found?

A

In lymph nodes

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12
Q

What are the functions of high endothelial venules?

A

They bring blood and lymphocytes from the bone marrow in the lymphnodes.

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13
Q

When T cells enter the thymus, what receptors do they initially have?

A

CD4 and CD8 (they are double positive).

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14
Q

here are double positive T cells found in the thymus?

A

In superifical regions (subcapsule).

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15
Q

Where are Hassall’s corpuscles found?

A

in the thymus

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16
Q

What are the results of the complement system?

A

activation of the membrane attack complex

production of opsonins

Release of chemokines which attract phagocytes to areas of infection or inflammation.

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17
Q

What are the cords of Billroth associated with?

A

the spleen

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18
Q

Lymph does not circulate through the thymus. Why is this so?

A

Because there are no afferent lymphatics in the spleen.

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19
Q

What do Hassall’s corpuscles produce, and what is it used for?

A

thymic stromal lymphopoietin; it is used for stimulation of dendritic cells needed for the maturation of single positive T cells.

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20
Q

Where are double negative T cells found?

A

the subcapsular arear

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21
Q

Where are double positive T cells found?

A

the outer cortex

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22
Q

Where are single positive T cells found?

A

the inner cortex

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23
Q

Where does clonal deletion occur?

A

the medulla

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier?

A

to prevent antigens in the blood from reaching developing T cells in the thymus

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25
Q

Where are T cells found in the spleen?

A

surrounding the central artery near the center of the white pulp.

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26
Q

Where in the spleen are B cells activated?

A

marginal zone

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27
Q

What happens at the Billroth cords?

A

macrophages destroy worn-out or defective blood cells.

28
Q

What occurs at the venous sinusoids?

A

storage sites for healthy red blood cells.

29
Q

What is the flow of the splenic artery?

A

splenic artery, trabecular artery, central artery

30
Q

What space separates the plates of hepatocytes and the endothelium of sinusoids?

A

space of disse

31
Q

What is the major duct of the pancreas?

A

duct of wirsung

32
Q

What do intercalated ducts in the pancreas secrete?

A

water and bicarbonate ion

33
Q

What do acinar cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase

34
Q

Where are digestive enzymes concentrated and stored in the pancreas?

A

the golgi

35
Q

What regulates bicarbonate ion secretion?

A

secretin

36
Q

what do A cells secrete?

A

glucagon

37
Q

What do B cells secrete?

A

insulin

38
Q

What is the function of D cells?

A

to control levels of insulin and glucagon.

39
Q

What two types of cells are present at the islets of langerhan?

A

A cells (glucagon) and B cells (insulin)

40
Q

What substance acts in response to gastric contents and the pyloric sphincter?

A

cholecystokinin.

41
Q

What separates the upper two thirds of the tongue from the lower one third?

A

sulcus termianlis. It is also a taste bud fund in the V shaped landmark of the tongue.

42
Q

What are the type of taste buds (papellae) found at the sulcus terminalis?

A

circumvallate

43
Q

What is the most numerous of all of the papillae?

A

filiform papillae

44
Q

What type of epithelium is present at the gut?

A

simple columnar with goblet cells.

45
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tube?

A

mucosa

submucosa

muscularis externa

outermost layer (serosa and adventitia)

46
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located between?

A

between two layers of muscle tissue

47
Q

What are the functions of the muscularis externa?

A

regulates the size of the lumen

regulates rhythmic movement of the Gi tract

48
Q

What sympathetics are associated with Meissner’s plexus?

A

parasympathetics

49
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s plexus?

A

regulates local secretions, blood flow and absorption.

50
Q

What is the function of Auerbach’s plexus?

A

coordinates muscular activity of the gut wall

51
Q

In what layer of the digestive tract is Meissner’s plexus found?

A

submucosa

52
Q

What are the walls of the alveoli composed of?

A

Type I and ii alveolar cells

53
Q

What type of alveolar cells cover the largest surface area?

A

Type I

54
Q

What is the function of type II alveolar cells?

A

they serve as stem cells for type I and type II pneumocytes

55
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

mucous

56
Q

What do neuroendocrine cells release?

A

catecholamines

57
Q

What pulmonary cells secrete surfactant?

A

Clara cells and type II alveolar cells.

58
Q

What do type II cells phaocytize?

A

old surfactant

59
Q

What is the most common type of alveolar cell?

A

type 1

60
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A

to secrete surface active lipoprotein that prevents collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation.

61
Q

What are dust cells related to?

A

congestive heart failure

62
Q

What are the three components of the blood air barrier?

A

capillary endothelium

pneumocyte epithelitum

basal lamina of both cell types

63
Q

What are intercalated and principal cells associated with?

A

the kidney tubules

64
Q

Where does the digestion of sugars begin?

A

the mouth

65
Q

What epitheliu is characteristic of the gut tract?

A

simple columnar with goblet cells.

A. White- Histology (25 decks)

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