Osteogenesis and joints

Question 1

Symphyses belong to which category of joints?

Answer 1

Cartilaginous joints

Question 2

This type of synovial joint is triaxial and includes the glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints?

Answer 2

Ball-and-socket-joint

Question 3

A suture is an example of which type of joint?

Answer 3

Fibrous joint

Question 4

Joints allowing movement in two planes are termed what?

Answer 4

biaxial

Question 5

Name the types of monaxial synovial joints and provide an example of each.

Answer 5

• Hinge joints
  
  • humeroulnar joint
  • knee joint
• Pivot joints
  
  • alantoaxial joint
  • radioulnar joint

Question 6

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints. How are they different? Give an example of each.

Answer 6

1. Symphysis- joined by fibrocartilage
   
   1. intervertebral discs
   2. the pubic symphysis
2. Sychondrosis- joined by hyaline cartilage
   
   1. epiphyseal plates
   2. first sternocostal joint

Question 7

Amphiarthroses is another name for which types of joints?

Answer 7

Cartilaginous joints

Question 8

A condyloid joint is an example of which type of joint?

Answer 8

Synovial (biaxial)

Question 9

Synarthroses is another name for which types of joints?

Answer 9

Fibrous joints

Question 10

Joints allowing movent in three planes are termed what?

Answer 10

triaxial

Question 11

A saddle joint can also be referred to as what other name?

Answer 11

A sellaris joint

Question 12

Ball-and-socket joints belong to which class of joints?

Answer 12

Synovial (triaxial)

Question 13

What are the functions of ligaments in regards to synovial joints?

Answer 13

• stabilize the capsule and the joint
• control and restrict direction and range of motion

Question 14

Name the 3 types of Fibrous joints. Give an example of each.

Answer 14

1. Suture
   
   1. joints between the bones of the calvaria (skull)
2. Gomphosis-“peg-in-the-socket” joint
   
   1. teeth in the dental-aveolar joint
3. Syndesmosis- bones are joined by interosseus fibrous membrane
   
   1. fibrous membrane between tibia and fibula

Question 15

A hinge joint is which type of joint?

Answer 15

synovial (monoaxial)

Question 16

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics regarding the synovial membrane of a synovial joint?

Answer 16

1. It is highly vasuclarized (fenestrated capillaries)
2. contians 1-3 layers of synovial cells
3. no basal lamina

Question 17

How are the types of synovial joints classified?

Answer 17

Based on the degrees of freedom of movement

Question 18

Which layer of the synovial capsule is innervated?

Answer 18

The outer fibrous layer

Question 19

What is the definition of a joint?

Answer 19

A joint is where two bones come together

Question 20

A sellaris joint is another name for which type of joint?

Answer 20

A saddle joint

Question 21

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics of regarding the joint capsule of a synovial joint?

Answer 21

1. contains vascularized dense connective tissue
2. lined by the synovial membrane
3. attached to the edges of articular cartilage

Question 22

Which layer of the Synovial capsule is vascularized?

Answer 22

Inner synovial layer (synovial membrane)

Question 23

Diarthroses is another name for which type of joint?

Answer 23

Synovial joints

Question 24

Which type of synovial cells are “fibroblast-like”?

Answer 24

Type B synovial cells

Question 25

Synchondroses are belong to which category of joints?

Answer 25

Cartilaginous joints

Question 26

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 26

A process by which skeletal cartilage templates are replaced by bone.

Question 27

What is characteristic of fibrous joints?

Answer 27

* they permit little or no movement * bones are joined by collagenous and/ or elastic fibrous connective tissue

Question 28

What is characteristic of Synovial joints?

Answer 28

* movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule surrounding a fluid filled joint space * often reinforced by thickenings of the outer part of the capsule (ligaments)

Question 29

A syndesmosis is an example of which type of joint?

Answer 29

Fibrous joint

Question 30

Joints allowing movement in one plane only are termed what?

Answer 30

monaxial

Question 31

A synovial joint is composed of these 5 things.

Answer 31

1. Cavity 2. Capsule 3. Ligaments 4. Synovial fluid 5. Articular cartilage

Question 32

A pivot joint is which type of joint?

Answer 32

Synovial (monoaxial)

Question 33

There 2 types of synovial cells, what are they?

Answer 33

1. Type A - macropage-like 2. Type B- fibroblast-like

Question 34

A saddle (sellaris) joint is which type of joint?

Answer 34

Synovial (biaxial)

Question 35

Which type of synovial cells are " macrophage-like"?

Answer 35

Type A synovial cells

Question 36

What is characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 36

* bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage * enable slight movement

Question 37

There are three different classifications of joints, what are they?

Answer 37

1. Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthroses) 2. Fibrous joints (syanrthroses) 3. Synovial joints (diarthroses)

Question 38

A gomphosis is an example of which type of joint?

Answer 38

Fibrous joint

Question 39

Name the types of biaxial joints and give and example of each.

Answer 39

* Condyloid joints * metacarpophalangeal joint * atlantooccipital joint * Saddle joint * first carpometacarpal joint

Question 40

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics of regarding articular cartilage of a synovial joint?

Answer 40

1. hyaline cartilage 2. lacks perichondrium 3. not lined by the synovial membrane

Question 41

What is the main difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Answer 41

* During intramembranous ossification a messenchymal template isused for the process * During endochondral ossification a cartilage template is used for the process

Question 42

What are the 4 major zones established during endochondral ossification?

Answer 42

1. Reserve zone 2. proliferative zone 3. hypertrophic zone 4. vascular invasion zone

Question 43

Characterization of the reserve zone

Answer 43

Composed of primative hyaline cartilage and is responsible for the growth in length of the bone as the erosion and bone deposition advance into this zone

Question 44

Characterization of the proliferative zone

Answer 44

Characterized by the active mitotic activity of chondrocytes aligning as cellular stacks parallel to the long axis of the cartilage template

Question 45

Characterization of the hypertrophic zone

Answer 45

Characterized by chondrocyte apoptosis and calcification of the territorial matrix surrounding the coulumns of previously proliferated chondrocytes

Question 46

Characterization of the vascular invasion zone

Answer 46

Site where blood vessels penetrate the fragmented transverse septa and carry with them migrating preosteoblasts and osteoclast-like resoptive chondroclasts - angiogenic process stimulated by VEGF and produced by hypertrophic condrocytes

Question 47

During endochondral ossification what are the responsibilities of the hypertrophic chondrocytes?

Answer 47

1. form calcified matrix 2. synthesize type X collagen 3. secrete vascular endothelial GF 4. signal perichondral cells to become osteoblasts

Question 48

What is the first major step for intramembranous ossification?

Answer 48

Aggregation of messenchymal cells

Question 49

during intramembranous ossification, the aggregation of messenchymal cells is controlled by what?

Answer 49

Signals from Wnt, Hedgehog, FGF, TGF-ß