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A. White- Histology > Osteogenesis and joints > Flashcards

Osteogenesis and joints Flashcards

1
Q

Symphyses belong to which category of joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

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2
Q

This type of synovial joint is triaxial and includes the glenohumeral and femoroacetabular joints?

A

Ball-and-socket-joint

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3
Q

A suture is an example of which type of joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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4
Q

Joints allowing movement in two planes are termed what?

A

biaxial

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5
Q

Name the types of monaxial synovial joints and provide an example of each.

A
  • Hinge joints
    • humeroulnar joint
    • knee joint
  • Pivot joints
    • alantoaxial joint
    • radioulnar joint
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6
Q

Name the two types of cartilaginous joints. How are they different? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Symphysis- joined by fibrocartilage
    1. intervertebral discs
    2. the pubic symphysis
  2. Sychondrosis- joined by hyaline cartilage
    1. epiphyseal plates
    2. first sternocostal joint
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7
Q

Amphiarthroses is another name for which types of joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

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8
Q

A condyloid joint is an example of which type of joint?

A

Synovial (biaxial)

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9
Q

Synarthroses is another name for which types of joints?

A

Fibrous joints

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10
Q

Joints allowing movent in three planes are termed what?

A

triaxial

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11
Q

A saddle joint can also be referred to as what other name?

A

A sellaris joint

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12
Q

Ball-and-socket joints belong to which class of joints?

A

Synovial (triaxial)

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13
Q

What are the functions of ligaments in regards to synovial joints?

A
  • stabilize the capsule and the joint
  • control and restrict direction and range of motion
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14
Q

Name the 3 types of Fibrous joints. Give an example of each.

A
  1. Suture
    1. joints between the bones of the calvaria (skull)
  2. Gomphosis-“peg-in-the-socket” joint
    1. teeth in the dental-aveolar joint
  3. Syndesmosis- bones are joined by interosseus fibrous membrane
    1. fibrous membrane between tibia and fibula
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15
Q

A hinge joint is which type of joint?

A

synovial (monoaxial)

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16
Q

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics regarding the synovial membrane of a synovial joint?

A
  1. It is highly vasuclarized (fenestrated capillaries)
  2. contians 1-3 layers of synovial cells
  3. no basal lamina
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17
Q

How are the types of synovial joints classified?

A

Based on the degrees of freedom of movement

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18
Q

Which layer of the synovial capsule is innervated?

A

The outer fibrous layer

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19
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

A joint is where two bones come together

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20
Q

A sellaris joint is another name for which type of joint?

A

A saddle joint

21
Q

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics of regarding the joint capsule of a synovial joint?

A
  1. contains vascularized dense connective tissue
  2. lined by the synovial membrane
  3. attached to the edges of articular cartilage
22
Q

Which layer of the Synovial capsule is vascularized?

A

Inner synovial layer (synovial membrane)

23
Q

Diarthroses is another name for which type of joint?

A

Synovial joints

24
Q

Which type of synovial cells are “fibroblast-like”?

A

Type B synovial cells

25
Q

Synchondroses are belong to which category of joints?

A

Cartilaginous joints

26
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

A process by which skeletal cartilage templates are replaced by bone.

27
Q

What is characteristic of fibrous joints?

A
  • they permit little or no movement
  • bones are joined by collagenous and/ or elastic fibrous connective tissue
28
Q

What is characteristic of Synovial joints?

A
  • movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule surrounding a fluid filled joint space
  • often reinforced by thickenings of the outer part of the capsule (ligaments)
29
Q

A syndesmosis is an example of which type of joint?

A

Fibrous joint

30
Q

Joints allowing movement in one plane only are termed what?

A

monaxial

31
Q

A synovial joint is composed of these 5 things.

A
  1. Cavity
  2. Capsule
  3. Ligaments
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Articular cartilage
32
Q

A pivot joint is which type of joint?

A

Synovial (monoaxial)

33
Q

There 2 types of synovial cells, what are they?

A
  1. Type A - macropage-like
  2. Type B- fibroblast-like
34
Q

A saddle (sellaris) joint is which type of joint?

A

Synovial (biaxial)

35
Q

Which type of synovial cells are “ macrophage-like”?

A

Type A synovial cells

36
Q

What is characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
  • enable slight movement
37
Q

There are three different classifications of joints, what are they?

A
  1. Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthroses)
  2. Fibrous joints (syanrthroses)
  3. Synovial joints (diarthroses)
38
Q

A gomphosis is an example of which type of joint?

A

Fibrous joint

39
Q

Name the types of biaxial joints and give and example of each.

A
  • Condyloid joints
    • metacarpophalangeal joint
    • atlantooccipital joint
  • Saddle joint
    • first carpometacarpal joint
40
Q

What are 2 of the 3 characteristics of regarding articular cartilage of a synovial joint?

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. lacks perichondrium
  3. not lined by the synovial membrane
41
Q

What is the main difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A
  • During intramembranous ossification a messenchymal template isused for the process
  • During endochondral ossification a cartilage template is used for the process
42
Q

What are the 4 major zones established during endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Reserve zone
  2. proliferative zone
  3. hypertrophic zone
  4. vascular invasion zone
43
Q

Characterization of the reserve zone

A

Composed of primative hyaline cartilage and is responsible for the growth in length of the bone as the erosion and bone deposition advance into this zone

44
Q

Characterization of the proliferative zone

A

Characterized by the active mitotic activity of chondrocytes aligning as cellular stacks parallel to the long axis of the cartilage template

45
Q

Characterization of the hypertrophic zone

A

Characterized by chondrocyte apoptosis and calcification of the territorial matrix surrounding the coulumns of previously proliferated chondrocytes

46
Q

Characterization of the vascular invasion zone

A

Site where blood vessels penetrate the fragmented transverse septa and carry with them migrating preosteoblasts and osteoclast-like resoptive chondroclasts

  • angiogenic process stimulated by VEGF and produced by hypertrophic condrocytes
47
Q

During endochondral ossification what are the responsibilities of the hypertrophic chondrocytes?

A
  1. form calcified matrix
  2. synthesize type X collagen
  3. secrete vascular endothelial GF
  4. signal perichondral cells to become osteoblasts
48
Q

What is the first major step for intramembranous ossification?

A

Aggregation of messenchymal cells

49
Q

during intramembranous ossification, the aggregation of messenchymal cells is controlled by what?

A

Signals from Wnt, Hedgehog, FGF, TGF-ß

A. White- Histology (25 decks)

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