UNSELF MIDTERMS PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL SELF Flashcards
The Beginning of life
(Carnegie Stages of Human development is by?)
by Dr. Mark Hill
Stage 1 (Zygote) - Stage 22 ( 54-58 days)
Prenatal Development
Enu. the stages
- Germinal Stage
- Embryonic Stage
- Fetal Stage
- the first stage of prenatal
development, during which the dividing mass of cells has not
become implanted in the uterine wall. - Conception through implantation
- Zygote (fertilized ovum or egg cell)
divides and becomes implanted in the
uterine wall.
- Germinal Stage
(fertilized ovum or egg cell)
divides and becomes implanted in the
uterine wall.
Zygote
- The first two weeks after conception
- The ________ spans the time
from fertilization to implantation in
the wall of the uterus. - For the first three or four days the
mass of dividing cells moves about
the uterus before implantation
GERMINAL STAGE
testes form and produce androgens
Y sex chromosome
- Embryonic Stage
- Implantation until about 8th week
- Major organ systems are formed
- 5-6: nondescript
- 7: Genetic code (XX or XY) causes sex organs to differentiate
- Y sex chromosome – testes form and produce androgens
- Embryonic Stage
- Embryonic Stage
During the 4th week, a
________ begins to
beat and pump blood—in an organism that is one-fifth of an inch long.
primitive heart
- The period of 2 to 8 weeks after
conception. - Major organ systems begin to take
shape, which is now called the
embryo. - Nervous system, head and blood
vessels form at this time as well
- Embryonic Stage
- Major organ systems begin to take
shape, which is now called the
_______.
embryo
- Embryonic Stage
- Embryonic Stage
* Embryo is suspended in _________ (a sac
within the uterus that contains the embryo or
fetus.
amniotic sac
- Embryonic Stage
At this midway point bet. conception and birth, the fetus is covered with fine, downy hair, called______
lanugo
- Embryonic Stage
* Nutrients and wastes are exchanged with
mother through ________ (a membrane that
permits the exchange of nutrients and waste
products between the mother and her
developing child but does not allow the
maternal and fetal bloodstreams to mix)
placenta
- Embryonic Stage
Embryo is connected to
placenta by _____ (a tube between
the mother and her
developing child
through which nutrients
and waste product are
conducted)
umbilical
cord
- Beginning of third month until birth
- Organ systems; fingers and toes ( 12th week)
- Mid: 4th week: movements
- 6th week: limbs
- Characterized by maturation &
gains in size - 5 ½ pounds (fetus)
- 7 ½lbs (newborn boys)
- 7 lbs (newborn girls)
- Fetal Stage
- Fetal Stage
* The fetus reached the age of ______,
where it could sustain life on its own
outside of the womb
viability
Chromosomal abnormalities…
(COMMON DISORDERS)
*DOWN SYNDROME
* EDWARDS SYNDROME
* PATAU SYNDROME
*GENOTYPE XXY
*GENOTYPE X
*TRISOMY 21 -DOWN SYNDROME
* TRISOMY 18 - EDWARDS SYNDROME
* TRISOMY 13- PATAU SYNDROME
* KLINEFELTER SYNDROME - GENOTYPE XXY
*TURNER SYNDROME - GENOTYPE X
SEX CHROMOSOMES
XX is _____
XY is _____
XX is female
XY is male
THREATS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
- __________is related to
premature birth and low birth weight.
Maternal malnutrition
THREATS TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
- The risk of _______, a neural tube
defect, can be reduced if vitamins
containing folic acid are taken
during pregnancy.
spina bifida
TERATOGENS
* Derived from the Greek word
teras, meaning “______.”
monster
TERATOGENS
* Derived from the Greek word
teras, meaning “monster.”
* Can include;
* Certain drugs taken by the mother
* X-rays
* Environmental contaminants such as
lead and mercury
* Infectious organisms
TERATOGENS
* Can include infectious diseases such as
_______, which can lead to serious birth
defects (heart disease, mental
retardation, deafness)
* ___________ can be passed from
mother to child during pregnancy.
* _____ can lead to liver damage,
impaired hearing & vision, and
deformities in teeth & bones
- rubella
**HIV/AIDS and syphilis
***Syphilis
Maternal smoking has also been linked
to __________
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Can lead to miscarriage, premature
birth, low birth weight and increased
risk of infant mortality
SMOKING
_______ is also the leading cause of
mental retardation (facial deformities,
underdeveloped upper jaw, widely
spaced eyes).
Alcohol
-* There is no established “safe” limit for
alcohol use during pregnancy
___________use can lead to fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Maternal alcohol
Any _____ used during pregnancy,
whether legal or illicit, or any medication, whether prescribed or
bought over the counter can potentially harm the fetus
drug
- Pregnant women should consult their doctors before taking any medication!
Teratogens are
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Drugs
Think about doing things in three areas:
- Aerobic activity
- Muscle strength
- Stretching
- Study of individuals as they interact with others.
Social Psychology
by (Lahey,
2007)
basically is about understanding
individual behavior in a social context,
particularly in terms of interactions and
relationships.
Social Psychology
Social Psychology
basically is about understanding
individual behavior in a social context,
particularly in terms of __________ and
____________.
interactions and
relationships
______________mutual & reciprocal
exchange of communication or action
between two or more persons or
groups.
Interaction
____________a particular way by which two or
more individuals, groups, or even countries, talk
to, behave toward, or deal with each other.
There exist a connection, kinship, or attachment
attributable to several factors such as common
interests and goals, which lead to a mutual
bond.
Relationship
In psychology, this refers to forming
impressions and making judgments about
another person’s likability after your first
meeting; formed with bias based on past
experiences and with little conscious
thought.
Person perception
spoken and unspoken rules on how to behave
in a particular social group or culture.
Social norms
__________provide order in society. It is difficult to see how
human society could operate without social norms. Human
beings need norms to guide and direct their behavior, to
provide order and predictability in social relationships and
to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions.
Norms
In social situations where people work and
do things together for a single purpose or
goal, two things may transpire: (a) __________ or (b) ___________.
(a) social
facilitation or (b) social loafing.
occurs when the performance of each
individual member of the group is
enhanced in value or quality; made better.
Social Facilitation
. a phenomenon where individuals tend
to become less motivated and expend less
e f fo r t w h e n wo r k i n g c o l l e c t i ve l y
compared to when working alone.
Social Loafing
Yielding to group pressure to act
as everyone does, even when
no direct request has been
made.
Conformity
Factors that effect conformity
- Size of the group:
- Unanimous groups
- Culture:
- Gender:
Factors that effect conformity
-the more people are in a group,
the more likely a member tends to conform.
Size of the group:
Factors that effect conformity
- conformity is highest when an
individual faces a group in which all members feel
the same way about a topic, a problem, or an issue
Unanimous groups
Factors that effect conformity
-conformity occurs in all cultures, however, some
cultures emphasize the welfare of an individual; thus, people
are less conforming. Others focus on collective welfare so
people tend to be more conforming. A high degree of
conformity leads to faster accomplishments of a task or
work
Culture:
Factors that effect conformity
- in the past, females were more likely to conform than
males, but research has shown that it is no longer the case
Gender
__________among members in social groups is very
high. However, individuals are not always expected
to surrender to the pressure just to conform.
* The decision to succumb to group pressure should
be based on something that will not put you at a
position of disadvantage
Conformity
- Study of how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and
behaviors are influenced by the presence of, or
interactions with, others.
Social Psychology
(Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2014)
- Study of the effect of social factors on individual
behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives.
Social Psychology
by (Gerrig &
Zimbardo, 2002)
