Units 3-5 Flashcards
is not determined by any single gene, but rather by the actions of many genes working together.
personality
refers to a variety of research techniques that scientists use to learn about the genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour.
behavorial genetics
The largely unknown environmental influences, known as the nonshared environmental effects, have the largest impact on personality. Because these differences are nonsystematic and largely accidental or random, we do not inherit our personality in any fixed sense.
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Identical twins are more similar ________than fraternal twins
genetically
________ triggers gene activity
environment
Nature vs nurture
Genes and environment work together
Research conducted by an evolutionary psychologist
The study of evolution of the behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection
They focus on what makes us so much alike - and how our tendencies are shaped by natural selection
affects metabolism
thyroid gland
brain region controlling the pitularory gland
hypothalamus
secretes many different hormones, some of which may affect the other gland
pituitary gland
inner part helps trigger fight or flight response
adrenal gland
Release of Stress Hormones - Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal gland
Increase heart rte, blood pressure, and blood sugar - fight or flight
Linger after threat is gone
Hormones - artificial lightin
Both natural and artificial light can also disrupt the human body clock and the hormonal system, and this can cause health problems. The ultraviolet and the blue components of light have the greatest potential to cause harm.
Too stressed to study: which hormone is responsible
Cortisol, the primary stress hormone, increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is comprised of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system.
central nervous system or somatic nervous system (efferent (motor) )
Part of a neuron that helps increase the speed of neural impulses
The axon is another major extension of the cell body; axons are often covered by a myelin sheath, which increases the speed of transmission of neural impulses.
Nervous system division responsible for calmness after fear
parasympathetic nervous system
are often confused because each one is a chemical that makes you happy in the broad sense of the term. However, they are in some ways related because, when endorphins bind to receptors of the central nervous system, dopamine (the pleasure hormone) is released
Endorphins and dopamine
sent to balance excitement. It sometimes acts as a neurohormone; a hormone that’s produced by nerve cells and secreted into the circulation. It’s main function is to activate pleasure and reward, movements, sleep, mood fixation, memory improvement, attention, regulation of prolactin secretion, etc.
dopamine
are sent due to stimuli; pain and stress. Its functions are mainly pain management. Endorphins are quite similar to morphine, and affects the reward system. How to they control pain? Because of their bindings with opioid receptors, endorphins reduce pain by restraining the synthesis of proteins involved in pain transmission.
endorphins
are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain
Afferent neurons
are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous systme and towards muscles to cause movement.
efferent neurons
Neurons communicate using both electrical and chemical signals. Sensory stimuli are converted to electrical signals. Action potentials are electrical signals carried along neurons. Synapses are chemical or electrical junctions that allow electrical signals to pass from neurons to other cells.
Neurons communicate, among other ways, by sending signals called nerve impulses. These impulses travel through the membrane tubes of the dendrites and axons. … When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, it stimulates chemicals called transmitters or neurotransmitters to flow rapidly across the synaptic cleft.
A useful analogy is to think of a neuron as a tree. … The axon (tree roots) is the output structure of the neuron; when a neuron wants to talk to another neuron, it sends an electrical message called an action potential throughout the entire axon
neuron communicat
most commonly initiated by excitatory postsynaptic potentialsfrom a presynaptic neuron. Typically, neurotransmitter molecules are released by the presynaptic neuron. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. This binding opens various types of ion channels.
axons
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
action potential
Cerebellum - The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
Also helps us judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sounds and textures.
movement problems
Stimulation of central nAChRs by nicotine results in the release of a variety of neurotransmitters in the brain, most importantly dopamine. Nicotine causes the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic area, the corpus striatum, and the frontal cortex.
nicotine on the br
a type of drug known as a reuptake modulator that inhibits the plasmalemmal transporter-mediated reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse into the pre-synaptic neuron.
Serotonin - antidepressant
reuptake inhabit
controls movement of the right side of the body. Depending on the severity, a stroke affecting the left cerebral hemisphere may result in functional loss or motor skill impairment of the right side of the body, and may also cause loss of speech.
damage to left side
are the hippocampus and the amygdala. The hippocampus is primarily responsible for memory functions. During anxious arousal, the hippocampus is activated.
limbic calming include soothing music, prayer and meditation, mindful breathing, yoga, and exercise. The following simple activities can encourage limbic calming: Take 5 minutes in the morning and evening to rock back and forth, or side to side, just noticing and relaxing the body
limbic system
tudies of reward processing neural circuitry in individuals with bipolar disorder indicate abnormally elevated activity in ventral striatum and left prefrontal cortex, in particular, left orbitofrontal cortex and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, during reward processing
biopolar disorder
sleep research in cats
Left eye and right eye - equally chose food
What happens when John stops drinking alcohol
withdraw
able to walk again after stroke
- Plasicity motor cortex is the region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements. Classically, the motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus, cerebellum
Parts of consciousness: habits and ability to multitask
is great at multitasking. Where the
conscious mind has the ability to focus on just one task, the nonconscious mind has no such restrictions - nonconsious
Unknown drug: alertness followed by depression
coke?
s “paradoxical” because of its similarities to wakefulness. Although the body is paralyzed, the brain acts somewhat awake, with cerebral neurons firing with the same overall intensity as in wakefulness.
rem sleep
normal pattern
1,2,3,(4),3,2, REM….
2, 3, 2, REM….
2, REM, 2, REM
leep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
narcolepsey
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
insomnia
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares,these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Occurs usually in small childre
night terrrs
The main idea behind activation-synthesis theory is that dreams are just the brain’s efforts to make sense out of meaningless patterns of firing in the brain as we sleep. Certain circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep.
Support of activation synthesis theory of dreams
