Unit 4/Unit 6 Flashcards
Xavier finds the smell of a new restuarant to be very strong at first, but after spending time eating in the restaurant he no longer notices the smell.
THe process of getting used to a sensory experience is referred to as
sensory adaptation
Alex can easily tell the difference between a 1-lb bag of flour and 5-lb bag, but he cannot tell the difference between lifting 200 lbs and 205 lbs in the weight room.
Which of the following explains Alex’s inability to determine the heavier weight’s differences?
Weber’s Law
If you place your finger on your nose, you will see the tip of your finger but not the tip of your nose.
Which sensory phenomena BEST explains the apparent invisibility from pyour visual field?
sensory habituation
Which of the following is MOST true about human sensation?
we can be affected by stimuli that we are unaware of having sensed
Which of the following does signal detection theory BEST help explain?
why an alert security guard is more likely to hear a faint noise at 4 am than somebody crossing the lobby after a late night of studying
Jared and Geness are parents to newborn baby Annie. Even in a crowded, noisy room, Geness can pick out Annie’s faint cry.
What term would psychologists use to explain Geness’ abiility to recognize Annie’s cry?
signal detection theory
Hubel and Wiesel identified key neurons in the occipital lobe’s visual cortex that allow the brain to respond to specifics of a stimulus such as shape, angle, and movement.
What are these nerve cells called?
feature detectors
One thing all senses have in common is that they ALL
convert the information they gather from the environment into neural signals
The process by which the senses collect energy from the environment and turn it into information the brain can interpret is called
transduction
Mrs. Gabriel was teaching a lesson on ethics and she had the students form groups of four to discuss their feelings about a controversial topic. Although the classroom got very loud, Mrs. Gabriel was able to hear her name from across the classroom when a student needed help.
Which of the following BEST describes this phenomenon?
Cocktail Party Effect
Timmy moved to a different school over the summer. At his last school, he had a very strict teacher that he was afraid of because she would yell at the class all of the time. When he came to his new school and sat in class on he first day, he perceived his new teacher as angry and strict as well, even though she was just going over the school rules that all teachers had to discuss on the first day.
What influenced Timmy’s mistaken perception?
perceptual set
When Bella was at a restaurant with her friends, she failed to notice the difference when her first waiter left to go on a break and a second waiter took his place.
Bella’s failure to notice the change in waiters is an example of
change blindness
Samantha is flipping through her psychology book when she comes across the names of colors in different colored fonts. She follows the book’s instructions and tries to say the color of the ink in which of the word is typed in instead of simply reading the words.
Doing so demonstrates which psychological concept?
how people’s minds can get confused between conscious and unconscious processing
But Did You See the Gorilla?
Inattentional Blindness
steps in vision
cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex
Sensiorneural hearing loss?
Jack’s great grandchildren speak at a higher frequency than the adult members of his family
Structures of the ear
eardrum, anvil, cochlea, auditory nerve
Angelique's psychology teacher, Mrs. Murphy, always makes students get out of their seats to participate in demonstrations. Today was Angelique's turn. Mrs. Murphy had Angelique face the class, close her eyes, and touch her fingers to her nose. Angelique was so nervous and embarrassed that she forgot to ask what the demonstration was supposed to show. What was Mrs.Murphy trying to show her class by using Angelique?
Propripception
After exiting a spinning carnival ride, an individual has difficulty walking upright and feels as though they are going to fall over.
This effect is caused by the disruption of the
Semicircular canals
In a classic study by Albert Bandura, children use novel forms of aggression on a Bobo doll after adults had demonstrated aggression in their presence. The study demonstrated the power of
Observational learning
What is a possible biological basis for why humans are able to learn through observation?
mirror neurons
Which of the following is The best example of social learning?
Cicero figuring which fork to use at a fancy dinner by watching his grandmother.
Rosa is taking calculus and is very anxious that she will not do well. On her first test, Rosa scores a 60%. For her second test, Rosa studies more and scores a 63%. Rosa decides to try harder and studies even more for the third test but scores a 59%. At this point, Rosa decides that she is not smart enough to learn calculus and drops the class.
Which of the following BEST describes what Rosa is feeling?
Learned helplessness
In seventh grade, Petra was taught how to study and take notes, but she has never used those skills because she earned good grades without them. However, after failing her first two AP Psychology exams, she begins to use these techniques for the first time and continues to use them after she is rewarded with higher grades.
This is an example of
latent learning
Rillie is trying to train her pet rabbit HunnyBunny to do tricks using operant and classical conditioning. Based on your knowledge of how biology affects learning, what would you tell her as she embarks on this journey?
HunnyBunny will find it much easier to learn associations and perform activities that fit with rabbit behavior and are adaptive, and there may be some behaviors or associations she can never learn
Katarina visits a popular sandwich shop in twon and orders a tuna melt. Soon after returning home, she begins to suffer from nausea and abdominal disomfort. Now, every time she drives by the sandwich shop she feels her stomach clench and a wave of nausea.
According to classical conditioning, which of the following would be considered the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
the sandwich shop
In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments, he discovered that classical conditioning was MOST effective if the conditioned stimulus occurs
immedietly before the stimulus
training according to pavlow
Pavlo presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditional stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response)
Operant conditioning - slapping to prevent getting burnt
punishment? (positive)
Primary reinforcement
Primary reinforcement - an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological needs
By teaching the child this natural consequence, they will likely pick up toys more frequently in the future. (negative reinforcement)?
Schedule of reinforcement that is resistant to extinction
PARTIAL (intrermittent) reinforcement - ewinforcing the response only some of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Effective Conditioning: teaching an individual to do chores
positive reinforcement
Buying a toy car
Reinforcers (negative reinforcement)
