Unit 8/10 Flashcards
Hans seyle stress
“the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.and restore body to homeostasis
drive - reduction theory
heiarchy of needs (low to top)
physiological (food), safety (security), love and belonging (friends), esteem (accomplish), and self-actualization (full potential creatively)
Masters and Johnson sex cycle order
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
elicits brain activity in anterior cingulate cortex that activates in response to physical pain; we experience social pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain
imprisonment, solitary confinement, time-outs for kids)
• Cold shoulder, silent treatment, people avoiding you
• People often respond to ostracism with depressed moods, initial efforts to restore their acceptance, and then withdrawal
ostracism
external stimulus that motivates behavior; do not need to be aware of it to happen; does not have to be primary or an active, cognitive secondary drive, pushed and pulled; ex. Bakery, impulse buys, advertisements, Krispy Kreme
incentive
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases (moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance)
• Ex: when taking a test, it pays to be moderately aroused—alert but not trembling with nervousness
Yerkes-Dodson theory
internal motivation; completing the activity because it please you; ex. Singing, reading, crosswords, etc.; some people turn these things into extrinsic motivations like jobs but this is rare
intrinsic motavation
external motivation; completion of activity because of the consequence: reward or to avoid punishment; ex. Job, chores, school assignment, etc.
extrinsic motavation
hunger producing hormones secreted from the stomach. Sends “I’m hungry” signals.
ghrelin
the form of sugar that circulates the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger
glucose
brings on hunge
Lateral hypothalamus
depresses hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
hunger triggering hormone released from the lateral hypothalamus.
oxyerin
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation system
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
literally, “mind body” illness; any stress related physical illness
psychophysiological illness
efers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices. A simple example of this could be making a decision between doing a homework assignment or doing housework.
avoidance-avoidance
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
social cognitive perspective
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
type a
best way to handle stress according to research
mediatate
After the _____ sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through the autonomic nerves to the adrenal glands. These glands respond by pumping the hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream
amygalda
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
tend and befriend
effects of stress
Emotional: Anger, Fear, Sadness
Physical Stress Responses: Fight or Flight, General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS)
Behavioral: Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive
Coping, Indulgenc
Sigmund Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
psychoanalytic theory
This is pushing desires that cause anxiety out of our consciousness.
Freud thought repression was our #1 defense mechanism. This makes sense because he thought most of our mind existed in the unconscious.
Freud also thought these repressed feelings, memories, or desires come out (a) in dreams symbolically and (b) through slips of the tongue
repression
This is going back to our comfortable childhood days when we face a stressful situation. A child who’s sent to kindergarten might start sucking his thumb again.
regression
Freud thought we had desires that we knew we couldn’t allow to surface. So, the ego unknowingly changes those forbidden desires into their opposites. This is reaction formation. For example, the bully may really be very insecure inside.
reaction formation
This hides those bad desires by projecting them onto other people. For example, a girl who thinks a guy ignores her might say, “He’s such a jerk, he cares about no one.”
projection
This occurs when we make up a justification for doing something that we know is wrong. A smoker might say, “I smoke because it helps me relax and that makes me more productive.”
rationalization
This directs the unwanted desire (sex or aggression) toward something more acceptable than the root of the desire. For example, a child who gets in trouble at school might want to lash out at the teacher, but instead goes home and takes it out on his little brother.
displacement
This is changing those unwanted desires into something socially valued. For example, a filmmaker might take out his aggression by making a movie filled with violence; it might be accepted as a work of art.
sublimation
This is where a person rejects that a problem is real or that it’s actually serious. For example, a person running up a huge credit card debt might think it’s no big deal.
denial
people believe that powers outside of themselves determine their fate. People in this group may develop learned helplessness.
external lotus of control
people believe they control their own fate. Consistently, people in this category do better in just about every category.
internal lotus of control
our ability to suppress desires and delay pleasures. People with high self-control do better in many categories and are less susceptible to depression.
Physical exercise and time management are both good “exercises” for improving self-control.
Improving self-control in one area tends to spill over into other areas.
self- control
5 personality traits
Conscientiousness – how much you care about things that you do.
Agreeableness – how you get along with others.
Neuroticism (emotionally stability/instability) – are you secure in yourself or flighty.
Openness – do you prefer newness and variety or the usual and routine?
Extraversion - are you outgoing or reserved?
which looks at how our traits interact with the situation that we’re in. It’s the mix of nature and nurture. This idea believes…
We learn behaviors by conditioning or watching others (the social part).
What we think about the situation also matters (the cognitive part).
Bandura said three things interact with one another:
Our behavior
Internal cognitive factor (our thinking)
Environmental factors
Bandura’s ideas come back to a major theme: we are made up by the dance between our bodies and the environment that we live in, with how to think about these things mixed in too.
social cognitive perspective
Humanists tried to measure a person’s self-concept. They’d have people describe how they’d like to be, then describe how they think they really are. If the ideal and real selves are close, that’s a sign of a positive self-concept.
Some humanists thought surveys were too impersonal and rather used 1-on-1 interviews.
humanists
are you secure in yourself or flighty.
Neuroticism
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
social-cognitive perspective
while personality traits may be enduring, the resulting behavior in different situations is different
person-situation controversy
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
psychoanalysis
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
free assosiation
The MMPI tries to pinpoint abnormalities in personality.
It breaks things down into 10 clinical scales, like depressive tendencies, masculinity-femininity, and introversion-extraversion.
This test can be computer-given and graded, so it’s rather objective in its analysis.
It also offers a “lie scale” which tries to pinpoint when a person is faking answers.
MMPI
