Unit 8/10

Question 1

Hans seyle stress

Answer 1

“the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”

Question 2

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.and restore body to homeostasis

Answer 3

drive - reduction theory

Question 4

heiarchy of needs (low to top)

Answer 4

physiological (food), safety (security), love and belonging (friends), esteem (accomplish), and self-actualization (full potential creatively)

Question 5

Masters and Johnson sex cycle order

Answer 5

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 6

elicits brain activity in anterior cingulate cortex that activates in response to physical pain; we experience social pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks physical pain

imprisonment, solitary confinement, time-outs for kids)
• Cold shoulder, silent treatment, people avoiding you
• People often respond to ostracism with depressed moods, initial efforts to restore their acceptance, and then withdrawal

Answer 6

ostracism

Question 7

external stimulus that motivates behavior; do not need to be aware of it to happen; does not have to be primary or an active, cognitive secondary drive, pushed and pulled; ex. Bakery, impulse buys, advertisements, Krispy Kreme

Answer 7

incentive

Question 8

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point, beyond which performance decreases (moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance)
• Ex: when taking a test, it pays to be moderately aroused—alert but not trembling with nervousness

Answer 8

Yerkes-Dodson theory

Question 9

internal motivation; completing the activity because it please you; ex. Singing, reading, crosswords, etc.; some people turn these things into extrinsic motivations like jobs but this is rare

Answer 9

intrinsic motavation

Question 10

external motivation; completion of activity because of the consequence: reward or to avoid punishment; ex. Job, chores, school assignment, etc.

Answer 10

extrinsic motavation

Question 11

hunger producing hormones secreted from the stomach. Sends “I’m hungry” signals.

Answer 11

ghrelin

Question 12

the form of sugar that circulates the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

brings on hunge

Answer 13

Lateral hypothalamus

Question 14

depresses hunger

Answer 14

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 15

hunger triggering hormone released from the lateral hypothalamus.

Answer 15

oxyerin

Question 16

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Answer 16

general adaptation system

Question 17

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 17

stress

Question 18

literally, “mind body” illness; any stress related physical illness

Answer 18

psychophysiological illness

Question 19

efers to making a decision between two equally undesirable choices. A simple example of this could be making a decision between doing a homework assignment or doing housework.

Answer 19

avoidance-avoidance

Question 20

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Answer 20

social cognitive perspective

Question 21

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Answer 21

type a

Question 22

best way to handle stress according to research

Answer 22

mediatate

Question 23

After the _____ sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through the autonomic nerves to the adrenal glands. These glands respond by pumping the hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream

Answer 23

amygalda

Question 24

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

Answer 24

tend and befriend

Question 25

effects of stress

Answer 25

Emotional: Anger, Fear, Sadness
Physical Stress Responses: Fight or Flight, General Adaptation
Syndrome (GAS)
Behavioral: Aggression, Giving Up, Defensive Coping, Constructive
Coping, Indulgenc

Question 26

Sigmund Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

Answer 26

psychoanalytic theory

Question 27

This is pushing desires that cause anxiety out of our consciousness.
Freud thought repression was our #1 defense mechanism. This makes sense because he thought most of our mind existed in the unconscious.
Freud also thought these repressed feelings, memories, or desires come out (a) in dreams symbolically and (b) through slips of the tongue

Answer 27

repression

Question 28

This is going back to our comfortable childhood days when we face a stressful situation. A child who’s sent to kindergarten might start sucking his thumb again.

Answer 28

regression

Question 29

Freud thought we had desires that we knew we couldn’t allow to surface. So, the ego unknowingly changes those forbidden desires into their opposites. This is reaction formation. For example, the bully may really be very insecure inside.

Answer 29

reaction formation

Question 30

This hides those bad desires by projecting them onto other people. For example, a girl who thinks a guy ignores her might say, “He’s such a jerk, he cares about no one.”

Answer 30

projection

Question 31

This occurs when we make up a justification for doing something that we know is wrong. A smoker might say, “I smoke because it helps me relax and that makes me more productive.”

Answer 31

rationalization

Question 32

This directs the unwanted desire (sex or aggression) toward something more acceptable than the root of the desire. For example, a child who gets in trouble at school might want to lash out at the teacher, but instead goes home and takes it out on his little brother.

Answer 32

displacement

Question 33

This is changing those unwanted desires into something socially valued. For example, a filmmaker might take out his aggression by making a movie filled with violence; it might be accepted as a work of art.

Answer 33

sublimation

Question 34

This is where a person rejects that a problem is real or that it’s actually serious. For example, a person running up a huge credit card debt might think it’s no big deal.

Answer 34

denial

Question 35

people believe that powers outside of themselves determine their fate. People in this group may develop learned helplessness.

Answer 35

external lotus of control

Question 36

people believe they control their own fate. Consistently, people in this category do better in just about every category.

Answer 36

internal lotus of control

Question 37

our ability to suppress desires and delay pleasures. People with high self-control do better in many categories and are less susceptible to depression.
Physical exercise and time management are both good “exercises” for improving self-control.
Improving self-control in one area tends to spill over into other areas.

Answer 37

self- control

Question 38

5 personality traits

Answer 38

Conscientiousness – how much you care about things that you do.
Agreeableness – how you get along with others.
Neuroticism (emotionally stability/instability) – are you secure in yourself or flighty.
Openness – do you prefer newness and variety or the usual and routine?
Extraversion - are you outgoing or reserved?

Question 39

which looks at how our traits interact with the situation that we’re in. It’s the mix of nature and nurture. This idea believes…
We learn behaviors by conditioning or watching others (the social part).
What we think about the situation also matters (the cognitive part).
Bandura said three things interact with one another:
Our behavior
Internal cognitive factor (our thinking)
Environmental factors
Bandura’s ideas come back to a major theme: we are made up by the dance between our bodies and the environment that we live in, with how to think about these things mixed in too.

Answer 39

social cognitive perspective

Question 40

Humanists tried to measure a person’s self-concept. They’d have people describe how they’d like to be, then describe how they think they really are. If the ideal and real selves are close, that’s a sign of a positive self-concept.
Some humanists thought surveys were too impersonal and rather used 1-on-1 interviews.

Answer 40

humanists

Question 41

are you secure in yourself or flighty.

Answer 41

Neuroticism

Question 42

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context

Answer 42

social-cognitive perspective

Question 43

while personality traits may be enduring, the resulting behavior in different situations is different

Answer 43

person-situation controversy

Question 44

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Answer 44

psychoanalysis

Question 45

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Answer 45

free assosiation

Question 46

The MMPI tries to pinpoint abnormalities in personality.
It breaks things down into 10 clinical scales, like depressive tendencies, masculinity-femininity, and introversion-extraversion.
This test can be computer-given and graded, so it’s rather objective in its analysis.
It also offers a “lie scale” which tries to pinpoint when a person is faking answers.

Answer 46

MMPI