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A&P 2 lecture > unit two immune system > Flashcards

unit two immune system Flashcards

1
Q

the immune system

A

provides resistance to disease

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2
Q

what are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?

A
  1. innate (non specific)- 1st and 2nd line of defense

2. adaptive (specific)- 3rd line of defense (memory)

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3
Q

first line of defense

A
  • skin and mucous membrane (physical barrier

- secretions

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4
Q

what are the 5 skin and mucous membranes that destroy organisms?

A
  1. acid mantle
  2. enzymes
  3. mucin
  4. defenses
  5. other chemicals
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5
Q

what modifications does respiratory system have?

A

cilia

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6
Q

what is included in 2nd line of defense?

A
  • phagocytes; neutrophils and macrophages
  • natural killer cells
  • inflammatory response cells
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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7
Q

phagocytes

A

digest foreign invaders, WBC’s

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8
Q

what is the process of phagocytes?

A
  1. recognize and adhere to non self antigen
  2. engulf particle making phagosome (new membrane)
  3. phagosome fuse with lysosome to make phagolysosome
  4. lysosomal enzyme digest particles
  5. waste is exocytosed
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9
Q

macrophages

A
  • cheif phagocytic cells

- free and fixed macrophages

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10
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most abundant

- hold the line for others to come but die fighting

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11
Q

natural killer cells

A

nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes

  • apoptosis ( cell suicide)
  • cancer cells and virus infected cells
  • tell cell to die
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12
Q

four cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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13
Q

benefits of inflammation

A
  • dosent spread
  • disposes debris and pathogens
  • alerts immune system
  • repair
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14
Q

stages of inflammation

A
  1. chemical release (histamine)
  2. vasodilation and permeability
  3. phagocyte mobilization
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15
Q

inflammatory chemical release

A
  • ECF

- release of cytokines (cell movement)

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16
Q

what are other inflammatory mediators?

A
  • kinis
  • prostaglandina
  • complement proteins
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17
Q

vasodilations and increased permeability

A
  • hyperemia; increase blood flow
  • exudate; fluid and clotting
  • edema; increased volume of ECF
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18
Q

what are other causes of pain

A

release of toxins from bacteria

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19
Q

steps for phagocyte mobilization

A
  1. leukocytosis: release of neutrophils
  2. Margination: CAM’s grab into neutrophils
  3. Diapedesis: flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells
  4. chemotaxis: positive, neutrophils move towards injury
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20
Q

pus

A

yellow mixture of dead neutrophils and cell tissues

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21
Q

abscess

A

lots of puss surrounded by collagen fibers, surgically drained

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22
Q

what two ways do antimicrobial proteins innate defense by?

A
  1. direct attack (soldiers)

2. indirect attack (generals)

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23
Q

what are the most important antimicrobial proteins?

A
  • interferons

- complement proteins

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24
Q

interferons

A

-warn healthy neighboring cells about the bacteria or virus

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25
Q

what are the two types of interferons

A
  1. A and b; activate NK cells

2. y (gamma); macrophages and lymphocytes

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26
Q

complement system

A

circulate blood in inactive form, enhance inflammation and directly destroy bacteria

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27
Q

what are the three pathways of compliment proteins?

A
  • classical pathway
  • lectin pathway
  • alternative pathway
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28
Q

classical pathway

A
  • adaptive, kills foreign substances
  • antibodies
  • complement fixation; fix antibody to antigen
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29
Q

lectin pathway

A

-specific sugars, lectin

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30
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Spontaneously bind to foreign invader

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31
Q

how is fever signaled

A

foreign substances secrete pyrogens that tell hypothalamus to increase temp

32
Q

benefits of moderate fever

A
  • live and spleen to hold onto zinc, so foreign things cant live
  • increases metabolic rate
33
Q

adaptive immune system

A

specific system that eliminates pathogens or abnormal cells

34
Q

what does adaptive immune system do?

A
  • amplifies inflammatory response

- activates complement

35
Q

what is the shortcoming of adaptive immune system?

A

must have initial exposure before knowing how to defend itself

36
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • specific
  • systemic
  • memory
37
Q

what are the two branches of adaptive system?

A
  1. humoral immunity

2. cellular immunity

38
Q

humoral immunity

A

antibodes circulate freely
bind to target cell to inactivate and mark for destruction
not directly killing

39
Q

cellular immunity

A
  • directly killing
  • enhance inflammatory response
  • T cytotoxic cells
40
Q

antigens

A

the targets

41
Q

characteristics of antigens

A
  1. complete antigen or hapten (half)
  2. contain antigenic determinants; what antibodies look for
  3. can be self antigen
42
Q

important properties of complete antigens

A
  1. immunogenicity- produce lymphocytes to multiply

2. reactivity- reactor bind with antibody

43
Q

antigenic determinants

A

part of antigen that antibodies bind to

44
Q

characteristics of antigenic determinants

A
  • . mobilize lymphocytes

- form antibodies against them

45
Q

self antigens

A

not antigenic to self but antigenic to others

46
Q

MHC proteins

A

T lymphocytes recognize only antigens that are presented on MHc proteins ( the little flag pole

47
Q

adaptive immune system cell types

A
  1. B lymphocytes- humoral, antibodies
  2. t lymphocytes- cellular, cytotoxic
  3. antigen presenting cells- no specific antigens, role in immunity
48
Q

lymphocyte Development, maturation and activation

A

T and B lymphocytes bind to only what they are looking for

49
Q

5 steps of lymphocytes

A
  1. origin; bone marrow and thymus
  2. maturation: go to primary lymph. organs to be tested in pos. and neg. selection. to see MHC and to not see themselves
  3. seeding secondary lymphoid organs: naive, pass test but not seen action
  4. antigen encounter and activation: triggers lymphocyte to develop further. Clonal selection, binding to specific antigen
  5. proliferation and differentiation; lymphocyte proliferates. effector cells fight, some are memory cells
50
Q

major types of antigen presenting cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macropgahes
  • B cells
51
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • helper T cells in lymph node
  • most effective
  • immunity
52
Q

macrophages

A
  • present antigens to T cells

- activate and become more hungry

53
Q

B cells in APC’s

A
  • present to helper T cells before activation

- own activation

54
Q

primary immune response

A
  • cell proliferation and differentiation upon exposure
  • 3 to 6 days of lag period
  • plasma antibody in 10 days
55
Q

secondary immune response

A
  • reexposure to same antigen, gives faster, more prolonged and effective response
  • memory
  • respond within hours
56
Q

active humoral immunity

A

when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies

57
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body

58
Q

naturally acquired

A

formed in response to actual bacteria or virus

59
Q

artificially acquired

A

vaccine

60
Q

variable regions

A

at end of each arm, antigen binding sites

61
Q

constant regions

A

stems, common function

62
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobulins, bind to specific antigen detects by B cells

do not destroy, they inactivate them and tag them

63
Q

what are the five c lasses of ig

A
  • igM; first released
  • igA; mucous
  • igD; B cells
  • igG; most abundant, 75-85%
  • igE; allergies
64
Q

what are the 4 defense mechanisms antibodies use?

A
  1. neutralization- blocking
  2. agglutination- clumping
  3. precipitation- fall out
  4. lysis- splits
65
Q

CD4 cels

A
  • naive
  • Helper T cells
  • regulatory T cells
66
Q

CD8 cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

67
Q

what are the two classes of MHC proteins

A
  1. class I MHC- all but RBC’s

2. class II MHC- only antigen presenting cells

68
Q

class I MHC proteins

A
  • endogenous antigen
  • self or non self antigen
  • only CD8 cytotoxic cells can bind
69
Q

class II MHC proteins

A
  • exogenous antigens

- only CD4 helper T cells can bind

70
Q

helper T cells

A
  • humoral and cellular arms
  • activate and proliferate B and T cells
  • secerte cytokines to recruit immune cells
  • without Th, there is no immune response
71
Q

activation of B cells

A
  1. T cell dependent antigens

2. T cell independent antigens- weak

72
Q

activation of CD8 cells

A
  • helper T is required

- cause dendritic to express co-stimulatory molecules

73
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A
  • directly kill other cells

- lethal hit by releasing performs and granzymes to stimulate apoptosis

74
Q

what do activated Tc cells target?

A
  • viral cells
  • bacteria
  • cancer
75
Q

regulatory T cells

A
  • preventing autoimmune reactions
  • supress self-reactive lymphocytes
  • allograft; transplant from other person
76
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

congenital or acquired conditions that impair functions or products of immune cells

77
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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