unit 3 test Flashcards
spirometer
measure respiratory capacity
inspiratory capacity
everything inhaled
functional residual capacity
everything exhaled and left in lungs
vital capacity
everything in and out of lungs
total lung capacity
everything
tidal volume
normal breathing
inspiratory reserve volume
how much more we can inhale
expiratory reserve volume
everything we can exhale if needed
residual volume
air left over in our lungs we can exhale
roles and structures of conducting zone
- give rise to respiratory zone
- bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone structures
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
type 1 alveolar cells
- SSE, 1 layer flat
- main structure
type 2 alveolar cells
- simple cuboidal
- surfactant; hydrogen bonds
- antimicrobial proteins
surfactant
- lipid and protein complex
- reduce surface tension on alveolar fluid
- prevents collapse
- hydrogen bond?
atmospheric pressure
-air surrounding body
760 mm Hg = 1 atmosphere
intrapleural pressure
- in pleural cavity
- always negative
- lung can collapse if its positive
what are the inward and outward forces that can promote lung collapse
inward -recoiling -surface tension of alveolar fluid outward -elasticity of chest wall
intrapulmonary pressure
-in lungs
transpulmonary pressure
- Ppul- Pip
- keeps lungs open
what are the muscles used for inspiration?
- diaphgram
- intercostal muscles
quiet expiration
volume decrease causing Ppul to increase by 1
Ppul > Patm
forced expiration
oblique and transverse muscles, internal intercostal muscles
daltons law
- pressure exerted my gases
- total atm is 760 mm Hg
Boyles law
-pressure vs volume of gas
p= 1/v
p1v1=p2v2
henrys law
- gas and liquids
1. solubility
2. temperature
3. partial pressure of the gases
respiratory membrane
- blood:air barrier
- alveolar and capillary walls
- fused basement membranes
- very thin
adenocarcinoma
- prepheral lung areas
- bronchial glands and alveolar cells
squamous cell carcinoma
arises in bronchial epithelium
small cell carcinoma
-lymphocyte like cells from primary bronchi
Haldane effect
I give away oxygen and take up CO2
carbon dioxide transport
- 7-10% in plasma
- 20% as carbaminohemoglobin
- 70% as bicarbonate ions
oxygen transport
- 1.5% in plasma
- 98.5 in Fe hemoglobin
respiratory distress syndrome
- lack of surfactant
- premature infants
- treatment: replacement, ventilator, therapy
obstructive pulmonary disease
increased airway resistance
restrictive disease
reduced TlC because of exposure to something
emphysema
- degeneration of alveolar walls and reduced surface area
- pollution inhaled
hyperventilation
- increased depth and rate of breathing
- decreases CO2 levels
absorption
transportation of monomers across the wall of the small intestine in the blood and lymph
digestion
hydrolysis of large molecules into monomers within the gastrointestinal tract
peristalsis
adjacent segment that breaks apart stuff
segmentation
non adjacent
moves around?
digestive enzymes in the pancreas
- proteases- proteins
- amylase- carbs
- lipases- lipids and fats
- nucleases- nucleic acids
zymogens
where the enzymes are produced in the pancreas
pancreatic juice
water, bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
brush boarder enzymes
on microvilli
exposed to chyme in stomach
protect apical surface
bile composition
- bile salts
- bilirubin; color
- alkaline
what molecules are necessary for stomach acid/
- gastrin- ECL cells
- histamine
- parasympathetic neurons- ACh
what are the protective mechanisms for stomach acid
- mucus with bicarbonate, pH buffer
- tight junctions
- replacement of damaged cells
portal triad
- hepatic artery- O2
- hepatic portal vein- rich blood
- bile duct
what are the layers of the alimentary canal?
- mucosa- epi., lamina and mucosae
- submucosa- conn., blood and lymph., lacteals
- muscular externa-inter and outer, sphincters
- serosa
what are the functions of saliva?
- cleanses mouth
- dissolve food for taste
- moisten food, in bolus
- breakdown of starch with amylase
special adaptions of the small intestine
- villi and microvilli
- increase surface area for absorption
goblet cells
mucus
what are the 4 types of tongue papillae?
- filiform- rough, keratinized
- fungiform- gives color
- valiate- v shape
- foliate- ridges on side
lingual frenulum
fold of mucous membrane under tongue, keeps tongue from coming out
what are the parts of the nephron tubule?
- glomerular capsule- filtration
- proximal convoluted tubule- reabsorption
- descending loop of Henley
- ascending loop of hence
- distal convoluted tubule- secretion
- collecting duct
afferent arteriole
supply blood to glomerulus
efferent arteriole
delivers blood away from glomerulus
glomerular capillaries
- fenstrated
- filter blood
juxtamedullary nephrons
inner 1/3 of cortex
concentrate urine
cortical nephrons
outer 2/3 of cortex
functions of the urinary system and kidneys
- regulate fluid
- plasma volume
- electrolytes and ions
- pH
- waste products
- vitamin D
- hormones EPO
what should not be in urine?
proteins
renal ptosis
one kidney is dropped lower in the body because of fat or tissue loss that hold it in place
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
the blood pressure in the capillaries
what are the 4 different diuretics?
- ADH inhibitors- alcohol
- caffeine- sodium reabsorb, water out
- loop diuretics- Na and K pump
- osmotic diuretics- increase glucose, pull water
macula densa
- ascending limb
- Na+
- ATP
granular cells
- afferent
- renin
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- decreasing BP or blood flow
- released renin from granular cells
- converted to angiotensinogen then angiotensin I
- converted to angiotensin II by ACE
- stimulates ADH, thirst, vasoconstriction, and aldosterone
renal plasma clearance
-filtration to secretion
C(rate) = U(concentrate)xV(flow)
/ P(plasma)
inulin
marker of glomerular filtration rate
