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A&P 2 lecture > unit 3 test > Flashcards

unit 3 test Flashcards

1
Q

spirometer

A

measure respiratory capacity

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2
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

everything inhaled

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3
Q

functional residual capacity

A

everything exhaled and left in lungs

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4
Q

vital capacity

A

everything in and out of lungs

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5
Q

total lung capacity

A

everything

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6
Q

tidal volume

A

normal breathing

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7
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

how much more we can inhale

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8
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

everything we can exhale if needed

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9
Q

residual volume

A

air left over in our lungs we can exhale

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10
Q

roles and structures of conducting zone

A
  • give rise to respiratory zone

- bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

respiratory zone structures

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
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12
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A
  • SSE, 1 layer flat

- main structure

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13
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A
  • simple cuboidal
  • surfactant; hydrogen bonds
  • antimicrobial proteins
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14
Q

surfactant

A
  • lipid and protein complex
  • reduce surface tension on alveolar fluid
  • prevents collapse
  • hydrogen bond?
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15
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

-air surrounding body

760 mm Hg = 1 atmosphere

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16
Q

intrapleural pressure

A
  • in pleural cavity
  • always negative
  • lung can collapse if its positive
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17
Q

what are the inward and outward forces that can promote lung collapse

A 
inward
-recoiling
-surface tension of alveolar fluid
outward
-elasticity of chest wall
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18
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

-in lungs

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19
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A
  • Ppul- Pip

- keeps lungs open

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20
Q

what are the muscles used for inspiration?

A
  • diaphgram

- intercostal muscles

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21
Q

quiet expiration

A

volume decrease causing Ppul to increase by 1

Ppul > Patm

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22
Q

forced expiration

A

oblique and transverse muscles, internal intercostal muscles

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23
Q

daltons law

A
  • pressure exerted my gases

- total atm is 760 mm Hg

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24
Q

Boyles law

A

-pressure vs volume of gas
p= 1/v
p1v1=p2v2

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25
Q

henrys law

A
  • gas and liquids
    1. solubility
    2. temperature
    3. partial pressure of the gases
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26
Q

respiratory membrane

A
  • blood:air barrier
  • alveolar and capillary walls
  • fused basement membranes
  • very thin
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27
Q

adenocarcinoma

A
  • prepheral lung areas

- bronchial glands and alveolar cells

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28
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises in bronchial epithelium

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29
Q

small cell carcinoma

A

-lymphocyte like cells from primary bronchi

30
Q

Haldane effect

A

I give away oxygen and take up CO2

31
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A
  • 7-10% in plasma
  • 20% as carbaminohemoglobin
  • 70% as bicarbonate ions
32
Q

oxygen transport

A
  • 1.5% in plasma

- 98.5 in Fe hemoglobin

33
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • lack of surfactant
  • premature infants
  • treatment: replacement, ventilator, therapy
34
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

increased airway resistance

35
Q

restrictive disease

A

reduced TlC because of exposure to something

36
Q

emphysema

A
  • degeneration of alveolar walls and reduced surface area

- pollution inhaled

37
Q

hyperventilation

A
  • increased depth and rate of breathing

- decreases CO2 levels

38
Q

absorption

A

transportation of monomers across the wall of the small intestine in the blood and lymph

39
Q

digestion

A

hydrolysis of large molecules into monomers within the gastrointestinal tract

40
Q

peristalsis

A

adjacent segment that breaks apart stuff

41
Q

segmentation

A

non adjacent

moves around?

42
Q

digestive enzymes in the pancreas

A
  1. proteases- proteins
  2. amylase- carbs
  3. lipases- lipids and fats
  4. nucleases- nucleic acids
43
Q

zymogens

A

where the enzymes are produced in the pancreas

44
Q

pancreatic juice

A

water, bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

45
Q

brush boarder enzymes

A

on microvilli
exposed to chyme in stomach
protect apical surface

46
Q

bile composition

A
  • bile salts
  • bilirubin; color
  • alkaline
47
Q

what molecules are necessary for stomach acid/

A
  1. gastrin- ECL cells
  2. histamine
  3. parasympathetic neurons- ACh
48
Q

what are the protective mechanisms for stomach acid

A
  1. mucus with bicarbonate, pH buffer
  2. tight junctions
  3. replacement of damaged cells
49
Q

portal triad

A
  1. hepatic artery- O2
  2. hepatic portal vein- rich blood
  3. bile duct
50
Q

what are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. mucosa- epi., lamina and mucosae
  2. submucosa- conn., blood and lymph., lacteals
  3. muscular externa-inter and outer, sphincters
  4. serosa
51
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A
  1. cleanses mouth
  2. dissolve food for taste
  3. moisten food, in bolus
  4. breakdown of starch with amylase
52
Q

special adaptions of the small intestine

A
  • villi and microvilli

- increase surface area for absorption

53
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus

54
Q

what are the 4 types of tongue papillae?

A
  1. filiform- rough, keratinized
  2. fungiform- gives color
  3. valiate- v shape
  4. foliate- ridges on side
55
Q

lingual frenulum

A

fold of mucous membrane under tongue, keeps tongue from coming out

56
Q

what are the parts of the nephron tubule?

A
  1. glomerular capsule- filtration
  2. proximal convoluted tubule- reabsorption
  3. descending loop of Henley
  4. ascending loop of hence
  5. distal convoluted tubule- secretion
  6. collecting duct
57
Q

afferent arteriole

A

supply blood to glomerulus

58
Q

efferent arteriole

A

delivers blood away from glomerulus

59
Q

glomerular capillaries

A
  • fenstrated

- filter blood

60
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

inner 1/3 of cortex

concentrate urine

61
Q

cortical nephrons

A

outer 2/3 of cortex

62
Q

functions of the urinary system and kidneys

A
  • regulate fluid
  • plasma volume
  • electrolytes and ions
  • pH
  • waste products
  • vitamin D
  • hormones EPO
63
Q

what should not be in urine?

A

proteins

64
Q

renal ptosis

A

one kidney is dropped lower in the body because of fat or tissue loss that hold it in place

65
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

the blood pressure in the capillaries

66
Q

what are the 4 different diuretics?

A
  1. ADH inhibitors- alcohol
  2. caffeine- sodium reabsorb, water out
  3. loop diuretics- Na and K pump
  4. osmotic diuretics- increase glucose, pull water
67
Q

macula densa

A
  • ascending limb
  • Na+
  • ATP
68
Q

granular cells

A
  • afferent

- renin

69
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
  • decreasing BP or blood flow
  • released renin from granular cells
  • converted to angiotensinogen then angiotensin I
  • converted to angiotensin II by ACE
  • stimulates ADH, thirst, vasoconstriction, and aldosterone
70
Q

renal plasma clearance

A

-filtration to secretion
C(rate) = U(concentrate)xV(flow)
/ P(plasma)

71
Q

inulin

A

marker of glomerular filtration rate

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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