unit 2 test Flashcards
arteries
carry blood away from heart
capillaries
direct contact with tissue
veins
carry blood toward heart
elastic arteries
- conducting
- pressure réservoirs
- elastin
muscular arteries
- distributing
- muscle and tissue
arterioles
- resistance
- BP
- afterload
- between muscle art. and capillaries
continuous capillaries
- tight junctions
- narrow, small
- blood brain barrier, blood thymus, blood testis
- regulated exchange
fenstruated capillaries
- wider
- kidneys and endocrine organs
discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries
- big gaps
- free flow
- liver, spleen , bone marrow
pulmonary veins
transport oxygenated blood to heart from lungs
systemic veins
throughout the body
deoxygenated blood to the heart
hypovolemic shock
blood loss
vascular shock
blood vessels are too big and cant fill anymore
circulatory shock
sudden inadequate filling
what is the capillary exchange equation
NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
pressure that propels blood to tissues
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
what factors affect blood pressure
- cardiac output
- peripheral resistance
- blood volume
normal blood pressure
120/80
hypertension
140/90
hypotension
90/60
how does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the system?
- as blood travels throughout the system
- capillaries have largest area, so its slow
- fastest in aorta
- then increases in veins
- the less area, the higher the velocity
what mechanisms regulate blood flow to the different organs
- extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms
- long term and acute auto regulation
- reactive hyperemia
- myogenic control
- metabolic control
how does the baroreceptors work and reflex?
- detecting the level of stretch on vascular walls
- send impulses to brain, to activate or stimulate cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor center
what are the three components of the lymphatic system?
- lymphatics- vessels
- lymph- fluid
- lymph nodes- cleansing of lymph
what is the path of lymph flow?
-lymph enters node through lymphatic vessels, then exits through the efferent side
right lymphatic duct
right upper lumbar, right head and thorax
thoracic duct
everything else
thymus vs. bone marrow
thymus- T cells
bone marrow- B cells
lymphedema
swelling, prevents normal return of lymph to blood
lymph nodes
- cleansing of lymph
- immune system activation
- inguinal, axillary and cervical regions
spleen
cleansing blood, breakdown and storage
red and white pulp
Peyers patches and appendix functions
- destroy bacteria
2. memory lymphocytes
MALT’s
- lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes
- tonsils, Peters patches, appendix
structure of lymph node
- bean shaped
- follicled in cortex
- afferent, efferent
lymphatic vessels
capillaries (Captain America), vessels (vexes), trunks (Three), ducts (dudes)
phagocytes
digest foreign invaders
natural killer cells
- tell cell to die
- apoptosis
B cells
humoral immunity, antibodies
own activation
T cells
Cellular immunity
cytotoxic
antigen presenting cells
- no specific cells
- essential in immunity
dendritic cells
- helper T cells
- immunity
- most effective
macrophages
T cells
become hungry when activated
CD4 cells
- helper T cells
- regulatory T cells
- MHC II
CD8 cells
cytotoxic T cells
-MHC I
neutrophils
hold the line, die while fighting
1st order of defense
- innate
- external body; skin, mucous membrane
2nd line of defense
-innate
-phagocytes, natural killer cells
-inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins
,fever
3rd line of defense
- adaptive
- humoral immunity; B cells
- cellular immunity; T cells
autoimmune diseases
immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
myasthenia
impairs communication between nerves ad skeletal muscles
multiple sclerosis
destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord
rheumatoid arthritis
destroys then lining of joints
graves disease
thyroid land becomes hyperactive
compliment protein
-pathway converges and makes C3, which splits into C3a and C3b, which initiates pathway to enhance inflammation, phagocytosis and cell lysis
membrane attack complex (MAC)
form compliment components, that insert into the target cell membrane creating pores that can lyse the cell
positive selection test
T cells must recognize self-MHC
negative selection test
must not recognize self antigens
active humoral immunity
when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them, actually having to fight something off
passive humoral immunity
ready-made antibodies are introduced to the body
naturally acquired
from an actual bacteria or virus
artificially acquired
vaccine
helper T cells
- both arms
- there would be no immune response without it
- dependent and independent
cytotoxic T cells
- directly attack
- bacteria, virus and cancer
- lethal hit by performs and granzymes that cause apoptosis
regulatory T cells
- prevent autoimmune reactions
- self-reactive lymphocytes
- allograft; transplant from other human
stages of inflammation
- chemical release
- vasodilation and permeability
- phagocyte mobilization
chemical release
- histmine
- ECF
- release cytokines
vasodilation and permeability
hyperemia- increased blood flow
exudate- fluid and clotting
edema- increased volume fo ECF
phagocyte mobilization
- leukocytosis- release neutrophils
- margination- CAM’s grab cells
- diapedesis- flatten and squeeze through epi.
- chemotaxis- tells where the injury is and leads cells to it
what causes pain and swelling in inflammation
leaked fluid in tissue spaces
what causes heat and redness in inflammation
hyperemia; increased blood flow
antigens
- the target
- determinants for antibodies
- immunogenicity; lymphocytes
- reactivity; binding
haptins
- imcomplete antigens
- not immunogenic
antibodies
- proteins secreted by plasma to find antigens but not kill
- ig’s
pyrogens
secreted by foreign subsrances
tell hypothalamus to increase temperature
interferon
-warn healthy cells about the foreign cells
opsonization
makes the foreign cells tasty to eat, so phagocytes with digest them
primary immune response
- never seen before
- cell proliferation and differentiation
- lag period 2-6 days
- 10 days for antibodies to reach and be better
secondary immune response
- re exposure to same antigen
- faster, prolonged, more effective
- can only take a few hours
- memory
classical pathway
- antibodies
- complement fixation; antibody to antigen
- adaptive
lectin pathway
-specific sugar, lectin
alternative pathway
-spontaneously bind to foreign invader
what are the defense mechanisms used by antibodies?
- neutralization- blocking
- Agglutination- clumping of blood
- Precipitation- fall out, soluble antigens
- complement fixation (lysis)- splitting of cell
