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A&P 2 lecture > unit one endocrine system > Flashcards

unit one endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

it acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of the body cells via hormones

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2
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones and endocrine organs

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3
Q

what does the endocrine system control and integrate?

A
  1. reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
  4. regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
  5. mobilization of body defenses
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4
Q

what is the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

endocrine glands lack ducts

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5
Q

what organs and glands are included in the endocrine system?

A
  • pituitary
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pineal gland
  • pancreas
  • gonads
  • placenta
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6
Q

hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals

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7
Q

autocrines

A

same cells that secrete them

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8
Q

paracrines

A

cells other than those that secrete them

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9
Q

classes of hormones?

A
  • amino acid-based hormones, water soluble

- steroids, lipid soluble

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10
Q

target cells

A

anything that has a receptor for that hormone

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11
Q

Characteristics of water-soluble hormones

A
  • must have a receptor because that can’t pass the plasma membrane
  • second messangers, cAMP and PIP2 calcium
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12
Q

Characteristics of lipid soluble hormones

A
  • can act on receptors that directly activate the gene
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13
Q

steps for Cyclic AMP?

A
  1. bind to receptor
  2. activate a G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
  6. phosphorylated proteins are activated or inactivated
  7. cAMP degenerates phosphodiesterase
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14
Q

steps for PIP2 calcium?

A
  1. protein G activates phospholipase C
  2. phospholipase splits PIP2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) or inositol triphosphate (IP3)
  3. calcium ions act as another messenger
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15
Q

lipid soluble steps?

A
  1. receptor hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA

2. initiates DNA transcription

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16
Q

what the the three different endocrine gland stimuli and what are they associated with?

A
  1. humoral- blood
  2. neural- nervous system
  3. hormonal- 1 can release another
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17
Q

what three factors do target cell activation depend on?

A
  1. blood levels of hormone- up and down regulation
  2. relative number of receptors on or in the target cells
  3. affinity (strength) of binding
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18
Q

concentration of circulating hormone reflects?

A
  1. rate of release

2. speed at which it is inactivated and removed from body

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19
Q

what are the three different types of hormone interactions and how do they work?

A
  1. synergistic- together
  2. permissive- 1 sets of for the next hormone
  3. antagonistic- against each other
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20
Q

what does cell response depend on?

A

the amount of hormone and the combination of all hormones

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21
Q

when do tissues respond?

A

when hormone concentrations are at a certain normal level

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22
Q

anterior lobe

A

produces and secretes own hormones

regulated by hypothalamus and negative feedback

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23
Q

posterior lobe

A

stores and secretes hotness produced by the hypothalamus

what is sent from the anterior lobe

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24
Q

the anterior pituitary is controlled via releasing and inhibiting hormones transported through the?

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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25
Q

what does corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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26
Q

what does Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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27
Q

what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate?

A
  1. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. luteinizing hormone (LH)

28
Q

what does prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) inhibit?

A

prolactin

29
Q

what does growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulate?

A

growth hormone

30
Q

tropic/trophic hormones

A

stimulate hormone secretion in other glands (growth)

31
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

promotes amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, causes growth

32
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T3 and T4

33
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

34
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulate growth of ovarian follicles and sperm in testes

35
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates ovulation and conversion of an ovulated ovarian follicle into the corpus lute or secretion of testosterone from the testes

36
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

milk production

37
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates water retention in the kidneys

38
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus and mammary glands

39
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

rare disorder that causes a water imbalance within the body, by head trauma
-ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

40
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

extreme thirst and large urine volumes

41
Q

what does the thyroid gland look like?

A
  • hollow spaces called thyroid follicles lined with epithelium composed of follicular cells
  • inferior of the follicles are filled with colloid
  • outside of the follicles are parafollicular cells
  • T3 and T4 which are which are follicles and colloid are the big bubbles
  • calcitonin which is parafollicular cells are the smaller ell structures
42
Q

thyroid hormone synthesis steps

A
  1. thyroglobulin is synthesized and discharged
  2. iodide is absorbed and released
  3. converting to iodine
  4. iodine is attached to tyrosine creating monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine
  5. they link together creating T3 or T4
  6. colloid is enclosed by follicular cells
  7. lysosomal enzymes cleave t3 and T4
43
Q

difference between T3 and T4

A

T4 is most abundant and T3 is more active

44
Q

actions of T3 and T4

A
  • protein synthesis
  • promotes maturation of nervous system
  • increase cellular respiration
  • elevates basal metabolic rate + heat = calorigenic effect
45
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • iodine deficiency
  • low metabolic rate, weight gain
  • cant produce T3 and T4 but it tells thyroid to so the thyroid gets bigger
46
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • autoimmune
  • weight loss, exophthalmos
  • too much thyroid
  • TSH is produced by immune system and not anterior pituitary
47
Q

what is calcitonin produced by?

A

parafollicular cells

48
Q

actions of calcitonin

A
  • inhibits osteoclasts, put more calcium
  • excretion of calcium
  • absorption of calcium
  • lowers blood calcium levels
49
Q

actions of PTH

A
  • stimulates osteoclasts, digest bone and calcium to blood
  • excretion of calcium, stop release
  • absorption of calcium, bring more
  • increase in blood calcium levels
50
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes corticosteroids (mineral, gluto and steroid) in response to ACTH

51
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine ( fight or flight)

52
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

regulate Na+ and K+

ex: aldosterone

53
Q

aldosterone

A

Na+ reabsorption by kidneys and K+ elimination by kidneys

results in increased blood volume and pressure

54
Q

glucocorticoids

A

regulate glucose metabolism
regulate immune system
ex: cortisol

55
Q

cortisol

A

release during stress

56
Q

hypersecretion causes?

A

Cushing’s disease

57
Q

sex steroids

A

weak androgens

58
Q

what does insulin do?

A

binding to tyrosine kinase enzyme receptor trigger cells to increase glucose uptake

59
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

frequent urination

fasting blood glucose test under 126

60
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • attacking B cells

- cant produce insulin and can’t get to tissues

61
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • lifestyle
  • your body cant keep up
  • cant filter glucose to is pulls water
62
Q

gestational diabetes

A

-insufficent insulin

63
Q

what are the there signs of diabetes?

A
  1. polyuria- urine
  2. polydipsia- thirst
  3. polyphagia- hunger
64
Q

pancreas

A

has both exocrine and endocrine cells

65
Q

glucagon

A

-produced by alpha cells
-increases blood glucose
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenisis

66
Q

insulin

A
  • produced by betacells

- decreases blood glucose

67
Q

what are the three stages of General adaption syndrome

A
  1. alarm reaction
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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