unit 4 reproductive system Flashcards
testes
- produce sperm
- deleiverd through ducts
what are apart of the seminiferous tubules?
- spermatogenic cells- forms sperm
- sustenocytes- support
- myoid cells
- interstitial endocrine cells
testicular cancer
- mumps
- cryptorchidism
scrotum
- 3 degree Celsius lower, necessary for production
- dartos muscle pulls close to body
internal penis
- spongy network of CT and SM with vascular spaces
- corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
male duct system
- epididymis- head body tail, microvilli
- ductus deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethera
seminal glands
- 70% of semen
- fructose; energy for sperm
bublo urethral glands
- think clear mucus
- pre cum to clean
prostate
- contracts during ejaculation
- milky, acid fluid
prostatitis
-chronic; inflammatory and non
semen
alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of utrthra and vagina for mobility
characteristics of semen
- prostaglandins- decrease viscosity
- relaxin- sperm motality
- atp
- suppress female immune response
- anabolic chemicals
- clotting factors- keep in place
- fibrinolysin- un clog for movement
what hormones do females secrete?
- estrogen
- progesterone
what are ovarian follicles
- contain oocyte, immature
- follicle cells- 1 layer
- granulosa cells- many layers
follicle stages
- primordial follicle- small, follicular
- more mature follicles- primary and 2nd, granulose
- vesicular (antral) follicle- upwards, cave around oocyte
corpus luteum
develop from reputed follicle after ovulation
produce progesterone
ectopic pregnancy
oocyte is fertilized anywhere but the uterus
dangerous
what do cervical glands secrete
mucus that blocks sperm entry except in mid cycle
cervical cancer risks
- inflammation
- STi’s- HPV
prolapse of the uterus
may skin and protrude through vagina
what are the three layers of the uterine wall?
- perimentrium
- myometrium- contractions
- endometrium- stratum functionalism and basalts
chromosomes
- 46 in person
- diploid- 23 from each parent (2n)
- haploid (n) only 23 from 1 parent
functions of meiosis
- number of chromosomes are cut in half
2. genetic diversity
what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?
- mitosis of spermatogonia- stem cell into 2 spermatocytes, type a and b
- meiosis-form secondary spermatocytes
M1- 2 secondary
M2- 4 - spermatogenesis- becomes a sperm
oogenesis process
- begins in fetal period
- oogonia multiply- prophase 1 only
- primary oocyte develop into primordial follicles- stops here
- dosent complete process until pregnancy
dominant follicle
- chosen to be the one that goes through the process
- creates first polar body
secondary oocyte
-stops in metaphase 2 when ovulated
error rates
sperm- 3-4%
oogenesis- 20%
what are the two ovulation phases?
- follicular phase- 1-14 days
2. luteal phase- 14-28 days, ovulation to end. always 14 days from ovulation to end
stages of follicle development
- a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle- prophase 1, small 1 layer
- primary follicle becomes secondary- granulose cells
- secondary becomes vesicular follicle
what is ovulation?
rising levels of LH cause ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte
luteal phase
-after ovulation, follicle collapses, antrum fills with blood
corpus luteum
- progesterone
- if no pregnant. it dies off
- if pregnant, it produces hormones until placenta takes over
hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle
- GnRH stimulates FSH and LH
- FSH and LH cause follicle to grow, mature and sex hormones
- neg. feedback inhibit gonadotropin
- positive feedback stimulate gonadotropin
- LH surge, trigger ovulation and form corpus luteum
- neg feedback inhibit fSh and LH
what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?
- day 1-5, menstural phase
- days 6-14, preovulatory phase
- days 15-28, postovulatory phase
amenorrhea
when extreme athletes work a lot, causes period to delay and disrupt cycle
-not enough leptin
gestation period
time from last period until birth 280 days
fertilization
sperm and oocyte chromosomes combine
zygote formed
viability
- oocyte, 12-24 hours
- sperm, 24-48 hours
sperm transort
- most don’t make all the way
- must be capacitated to penetrate oocyte
what are the steps for sperm to reach the oocyte?
- approach- hyaluronidase, digest connection between granulose
- acrosomal reaction- digest zone pellucida
- binding- wrap around sperm
- fusion of membranes- contents enter oocyte
- blocks od polyspermy- no more sperm can get in
oocyte membrane block
sheds all the sperm binding receptors
zone reaction blocking
Ca2+ surge from ER
oocyte becomes second meiotic division
cortical reaction inhibit proteins to destroy receptors for sperm
human chorionic gonadotropin
is what determines if a female is pregnant or not
what does the placenta secrete?
- human placental lactogen- maturation of breasts, grow fetus, glucose
- human chorionic thyrotropin- TSH
- relaxin- relaxes pelvis for birth
parturition
culmination of pregnancy, giving birth to baby
labor
series of events that expel the baby
what effects does increased estrogen have?
- oxytocin receptors
- antagonizes calming effects of progesterone- Braxton hicks
what are the three stages of labor?
- dilation stage- 10 cm
- expulsion stage- crowning, episiotomy(cutting tag for baby), vertex(head), breech (butt)
- placental stage-after birth, delivering placenta
what are some characteristics of lactation?
2-3 days until true milk comes
secrete colostrum- lots of minerals and enzymes
what does suckling do?
- lactation is sustained
- prolactin
- oxytocin
what are the advantages of breastfeeding?
- fats, iron, amino acids and easily metabolized
- host of beneficial chemicals- glycoprotein, helicobacter pylori
- bacterial colonization of gut
- natural laxative to clean bowel and make first movement
