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A&P 2 lecture > unit 3 digestive system > Flashcards

unit 3 digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

hydrolysis of large molecules into monomers within the gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

absorption

A

transportation of monomers across the wall of the small intestine in the blood lymph

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3
Q

alimentary canal (GI) tract

A

mouth to anus

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4
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

digestive glands

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5
Q

what is the digestive process?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
    - swallowing and peristalsis
  3. mechanical breakdown
    - segmentation
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
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6
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscular externia
  4. serosa
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7
Q

what are the three sublayers of the mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscular mucosae
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8
Q

submucosa characteristics

A
  • connective tissue
  • blood and lymph vessels
  • lacteals
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9
Q

muscular externa characteristics

A
  • inner circular muscle
  • outer longitudinal layers
  • spinchers
  • smooth muscle
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10
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membranes of abdominal cavity

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11
Q

mesentery

A

double layer of peritoneum, layers are fused back to back

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12
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

in cavity

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13
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

outside or posterior to cavity

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14
Q

oral cavity characteristics

A

-oral orifice; opening of mouth

stratified squamous epithelium.

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15
Q

tongue

A

interacting bundles of skeletal muscle

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16
Q

functions of tongue

A
  • gripping, repositioning, mixing of food
  • formation of bolus, food and saliva
  • initiate swallowing, speech and taste
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17
Q

what are the 4 different tongue papillae

A
  1. filiform papillae- rough, keratinized
  2. fungiform papillae- color
  3. valiate papillae- the V
  4. foliate papillae- ridges on side
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18
Q

functions of saliva

A
  1. cleanses mouth
  2. dissolve food for taste
  3. moisten food, bolus
  4. breakdown of starch with amylase
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19
Q

what are the three parts of the esophagus?

A
  1. esophageal hiatus- passes diaphragm
  2. cardial orifice- joins stomach
  3. gastroesophageal sphincter
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20
Q

deglutition process of mouth

A
  1. buccal phase- voluntary

2. pharyngeal-esophageal phase- involuntary

21
Q

what are the two layers of the stomach

A
  1. muscularis
    - inner oblique layer
  2. mucosa layer
    - gastric pits and glands
22
Q

what are the types of gland cells in the stomach?

A
  1. mucus neck cell- in neck
  2. parietal cells- Hal acid and intrinsic factor
  3. chief cells- base, pepsinogen
  4. enteroendocrine cells- histamine, gastrin
23
Q

HCl formation steps

A
  1. drops to pH of 2
  2. proteins are denatured
  3. converts pepsinogen to pepsin
24
Q

stimulations and secretion of HCl

A
  1. gastrin- parietal, ECL cells
  2. histamine- parietal, H2
  3. parasympathetic neurons- Ach, parietal
25
Q

protective mechanisms of pepsin and HCl

A
  1. mucus with bicarbonate- buffer ph
  2. tight junctions
  3. replacement of damaged cells
26
Q

where does protein digestions happen?

A

stomach

27
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation caused by anything that breaches stomach’s mucosal barrier
-helicobacter pylori

28
Q

treatments for gastritis

A
  • avoid substances
  • antactics
  • H2 histamine receptor blockers
  • proton pump inhibitors, meds
29
Q

what accessory organs are associated with the small intestine?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
30
Q

liver lobules

A
  • hexagon structure
  • hepatocytes; bile
  • central vein; open circle
31
Q

portal triad

A
  1. hepatic artery- O2
  2. hepatic portal vein- nutrient rich blood
  3. bile duct
32
Q

bile composition

A
  • yellow-green, alkaline
  • bile salts; breakdown and absorption
  • bilirubin, yellow color
33
Q

bile salts

A
  • reabsorbed into blood by ilium
  • returned to liver by hepatic portal blood
  • resecreated
34
Q

digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice

A
  1. proteases- proteins
  2. amylase- carbs
  3. lipases- fats or lipids
  4. nucleases- nucleic acids
35
Q

enteropeptidase

A

bound to duodenal cells

36
Q

hormone control in the bile and pancreatic juice

A
  1. cholecystokinin (CCK)

2. secretin

37
Q

small intestine

A
  • between pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve

- digestion and absorption

38
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. jejunum- absorption
  3. lieum- bile salts, vitamin, water, electrolytes
39
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface area for food absorption

40
Q

what are the three parts included in villi

A
  1. circular folds- spiriling
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
41
Q

specialized cells in the villus and crypts

A
  1. enterocytes- absorption
  2. goblet cells- mucus
  3. enteroendocrine cells
  4. panted cells- defenses, and Lyso.
  5. stem cells- replacement
42
Q

regulating chyme entry

A
  • hypertonic

- mixed with bile and pancreatic juice to digest

43
Q

ileocecal valve control

A
  • sphincter; allow chyme into LI

- gastroileal reflex; increase force of segmentation

44
Q

large intestine

A

no digestive function but absorbs H2O, electrolytes, vitamins and folic acid

45
Q

anus characteristics

A
  • anal columns and anal recesses-produce mucus

- superficial census plexuses- hemaroids

46
Q

bacterial flora functions

A
  1. fermentation

2. vitamin synthesis

47
Q

how do you keep bacteria in check

A

beneficial bacteria outnumber and suppress bad bacteria

48
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

-amylase

49
Q

digestion of proteins

A

amino acid monomers

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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