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Bio > Unit Study Guide 5 > Flashcards

Unit Study Guide 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four main components of the skeletal system?

A

Bone, cartilage, joints and ligaments.

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2
Q

Is cartilage avascular?

A

Yes, it will not bleed, so it is avascular.

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3
Q

What is the name of the bone tissue?

A

Osseous tissue.

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4
Q

What are the two subdivisions of osseous tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone tissue.

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5
Q

What are the six functions of the bone?

A

Forms internal skeleton system, supports, protection, movement, mineral storage(Ca and PO4), energy storage, hemolysis(produce blood with bone marrow, liver will kill old blood cells).

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6
Q

What are the names for classification by shape?

A

Long, short, irregular and flat.

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7
Q

What is the name of a short bone that is embedded within tendons and found in several joints?

A

Sesamoid bones, they are in the middle of nowhere and not connected to bones. Highly variable.

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8
Q

What bone forms within sutures of skull bones and is highly variable, between bone and bone?

A

Sutural bones. Babies when born miss the median part of the sutural bone. When bone is against bone, it is called sutural joint(completely immovable joint).

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9
Q

What are the parts of the long bone(these bones are usually your limbs) on the outside?

A

Epiphysial, proximal/distal diaphyseal, diaphyseal.

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10
Q

What three layers make up the outer layer starting from superficial to deep of the long bone, and include the connective parts of the bone?

A

Periosteum(superficial and membrane to the bone/connective tissue), perforating fibers(connects periosteum to deep), and compact bone(deep). The articular cartilage connects to another bone.

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11
Q

What is the membrane that covers the outside and the one covering the inside the cavity of the long bone?

A

Periosteum, outside and endosteum, inside cavity.

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12
Q

What is the long bones cavity name?

A

Medullary cavity contains yellow bone marrow.

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13
Q

What is the main bone of the epiphysis section and what line does it contain?

A

Spongy bone which contains the epiphyseal line(used to be an epiphyseal plate which was used for growth with cartilage).

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14
Q

What is osteon, and parts contained within?

A

One unit of a compact bone. It contains central canal, and rings called lamella

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15
Q

What is the difference between circumferential lamellae and lamellae?

A

The bands which hold the ring lamellae together.

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16
Q

What is the name for the matured osteoblasts(not mature bone cells)?

A

Osteocytes(mature bone cells), found in the lacuna.

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17
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Creates a network between each other and senses the physical pressure on the bones. It will make osteoblasts work harder to increase bone strength.

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18
Q

What is the name of the fingers of the osteocytes?

A

Canaliculi(small tunnel).

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19
Q

What are the two canals in the osteons?

A

Central canal(straw) and perforating canal(bridge) which contains blood vessels and nerves.

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20
Q

What is the structure name of a spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae has many spaces between it for blood cells and blood vessels including red bone marrow(blood cells are produced).

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21
Q

What is the function of osteoblast and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts dissolve old bone which forms the bone matrix. Osteoblasts build up new bone which uses bone matrix. (osteoclast regulates blood calcium homeostasis).

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22
Q

What are the 35% organic components of bone matrix?

A

Collegen fiber, ground substance(both functions are like rubber band and allows for small amount of flexibility).

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23
Q

What are the components of inorganic composition?

A

Mainly calcium phosphate(65%).

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24
Q

What are the types of cartilage found in the bone and bone structures?

A

Articular cartilage(between limb bones and flegea), costal cartilage(rib cage), intervertebral discs(spine), pubic symphysis(pubic bone), articular discs and others.

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25
Q

Characteristics of cartilage?

A

Resilient(soft bone), avascular(no blood vessels), not innervated(no nerves), and perichondrium.

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26
Q

What are the two kinds of growth in cartilage?

A

Appositional(chondroblasts-not mature in perichondrium secrete matrix and growth occurs on surface) and interstitial(chondrocytes-mature divide and secrete new matrix where growth occurs from within).

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27
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

Intermembrane ossification(flat bone/skull bone growth or membrane to bone) and endochondral ossification(from calcium to bone) this is for most bones in the skeleton.

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28
Q

How does ossification work to make bone?

A

First ossification center forms, then undergoes calcification, woven bone and surrounding periosteum form, lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form.

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29
Q

Most bones are formed through?

A

Endochondral ossification starts from diaphysis to epiphysis. Most cartilage is found in the epiphysis, where the epiphyseal plate is found and where growth of the bone occurs.

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30
Q

What are the five layers of interstitial growth of cartilage?

A

Zone 1, resting cartilage. Zone 2, proliferating cartilage(mitosis all the time). Zone 3, hypertrophic cartilage. Zone 4 calcified cartilage. Zone 5, ossification. This is all above the epiphyseal plate.

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31
Q

Appositional growth needs osteoblast(grows wider) and osteoclasts(removes inner older bone).

A
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32
Q

What is bone remodeling? Removal of bone tissue, new formation of bone tissue.

A
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33
Q

What is the process of regulation of the blood calcium and helps calcium absorption?

A

Sun shines on skin, skin converts vitamin D3, liver converts to calcidiol, calcidiol is converted to calcitriol in the kidney.

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34
Q

What two receptors work together to regulate blood calcium homeostasis?

A

Kidneys and parathyroid(duct). Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone(increases blood calcium). These hormones will ask osteoclasts to release more calcium.

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35
Q

What hormone will be released when calcium level is too high?

A

Calcitonin.

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36
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin?

A

Inhibits movement of bone calcium into blood, inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates kidneys which increases calcium loss.

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37
Q

What is growth hormone?

A

Stimulated liver to produce the hormone. Activates osteoblasts.

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38
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

When the bone matrix is not healthy, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition.

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39
Q

What are the two subdivisions of skeleton bones?

A

appendicular skeleton and appendicular.

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40
Q

What bones are under the Axial?

A

Skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid(neck bone connected to cartilage), vertebral column and thoracic cage.

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41
Q

What bones are under the appendicular bones?

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, pelvic girdle and lower limb bones.

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42
Q

What is the meaning of girdle?

A

The connective part of the bone.

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43
Q

What are the two classifications of bone on the skull?

A

Cranial bones protect the brain and are attachment sites(most are flat). Second is facial bones, they frame your face, have the sense of organ cavities, opening for air and food, teeth and attachment sites.

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44
Q

What are the 4 cavities in the cranial part of the skull?

A

Cranial, orbital, oral, nasal, sinuses cavity.

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45
Q

How many of each cranial bone?

A

Frontal, Occipital, precipital(2), ethmoid, temporal(2) and sphenoid.

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46
Q

Where does the brain sit on the cranial bones?

A

The sphenoid(the base).

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47
Q

What sits on the sella turcica?

A

Brain sits and connects to the pituitary gland in the middle of the sella turcica.

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48
Q

Emoid is hidden under the nasal cavity. Why does it have a weird shape and a lot of surface area?

A

Heat up the cold dry air and make it heated.

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49
Q

Nasal cavity is separated by the?

A

Perpendicular plate.

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50
Q

What are the three parts of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, septal cartilage and vomer.

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51
Q

What nerves are in the nasal septum(right upper part)?

A

Olfactory bulb and olfactory nerves(smell).

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52
Q

What are the major sutures? And what is a sutures?

A

Sutures mean bone and bone. The four major sutures are coronal(between frontal and parietal), squamous(between parietal and temporal), sagittal(between the parietal) and lambdoidal(between parietal and occipital) sutures.

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53
Q

How many facial bones are there and of each how many?

A

Mandible, frontal(2), maxillae(2), nasal(2), lacrimal(2), palatines(2), vomer, inferior nasal conchae(2).

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54
Q

Where is the palatine located?

A

Upper posterior oral cavity.

55
Q

Where is the vomer located?

A

Part of the nasal septum separates the nasal cavity.

56
Q

Where is the maxilla located?

A

Beneath the vomer and septal cartilage. It is under the nasal septum.

57
Q

Where is the inferior nasal conchae located?

A

Separates bone and increases surface area. It is behind the nasal bone and in front the sphenoid bone.

58
Q

There are how many bones in the orbit?

A

Seven. Frontal bone, zygomatic, sephinoid, maxilla, ethmoid, palatine and lacrimo.

59
Q

What is the zygomatic arch or process?

A

The arch where two bones connect, zygomatic and temporal bone.

60
Q

What bone connects to the neck and vocal cord?

A

Hyoid bone.

61
Q

What are the 5 parts of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacrum(5 fused) and coccyx(4 fused)

62
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Hole in the bone.

63
Q

Thoracic vertebra has many muscles attached to it.

A
64
Q

Lumbar vertebrae support the body’s weight.

A
65
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A

1 through 7 are the true ribs.

66
Q

How many false ribs are there?

A

5 false ribs, 8-12.

67
Q

How many ribs are floating ribs?

A

2, 11-12.

68
Q

What is the middle bone of the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum.

69
Q

Are thoracic cages long, flat or short?

A

Flat(protection).

70
Q

What cartilage is used for the thoracic cage and sternum?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

71
Q

What is the other name for true ribs?

A

Vertebrosternal ribs.

72
Q

What is the other name for just the false ribs not including the floating ribs?

A

Vertebrochondral ribs(uses cartilage).

73
Q

What is the other name for floating ribs?

A

Vertebral ribs.

74
Q

What is the long bone that is superior to the scapula on the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle.

75
Q

What is the flat bone on the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula.

76
Q

On the pectoral girdle what is the connecting bone’s name to the sternum?

A

Sternal end.

77
Q

What part of the pectoral girdle connects the clavicle to the scapula bone?

A

Acromion.

78
Q

What is the function of the clavicle?

A

Connect arm to body.

79
Q

What will be on the posterior surface of the pectoral girdle?

A

The spine.

80
Q

Does the scapula connect to any bone?

A

No, just attach.

81
Q

What is the superior surface area of the spine on the pectoral girdle?

A

Supraspinous fossa.

82
Q

What is the inferior surface area to the spine on the pectoral girdle?

A

Infraspinous fossa.

83
Q

What is the anterior surface of the pectoral girdle?

A

Subscapular fossa.

84
Q

What bones are in the upper limbs?

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

85
Q

What are the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Illium, pubis, ischium. Coxae bone or pelvic bone.

86
Q

What is the brim name of the two ilium bones?

A

Pelvic brim.

87
Q

What is the connective part in the pelvic girdle?

A

Pubic arch.

88
Q

What bones make up the lower limbs?

A

Femers, patella, fibula, tiblia, metatarsals, phalanges, and tarsals.

89
Q

What is the name of your heel bone?

A

Calcaneus.

90
Q

What is the name of the sole of your foot?

A

Talus.

91
Q

What connects to your calcaneus?

A

Calcaneal tendon(achilles).

92
Q

What is the name for joints?

A

Articulations.

93
Q

How can joints be classified?

A

Bases of function and structure.

94
Q

What are the three subcategories for base of function in joint?

A

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthrosis.

95
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Bones joined by dense regular connective tissue, no joint cavity, sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses.

96
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

Radius and ulna.

97
Q

Are sutures fibrous joints?

A

Yes, they are joined by small amounts of dense fibrous connective tissue(immovable).

98
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint and where?

A

Syndesmoses, it is connected by ligaments. An example of fibrous joint is the distal joint between tibia and fibula. Another distal joint between ulna and radius. It is slightly movable.

99
Q

What is gomphoese, and an example?

A

Peg in socket joint, completely immovable. An example is the joint between tooth and alveolar sockets of mandible and maxilla. Joined by periodontal ligament.

100
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint and the subclasses?

A

Joined by cartilage and no joint cavity. Two subclasses are synchondroses and symphyses.

101
Q

What are the classifications of symphyses? Where can they be found?

A

Fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis. They can be found in the pelvic girdle and vertebra(slightly movable).

102
Q

What is the joint made for flexibility?

A

Synovial joints.

103
Q

Synovial joints have joint cavities.

A
104
Q

The synovial joint cavity contains synovial fluid(lubricant).

A
105
Q

What is the internal membrane name of the synovial joint?

A

Synovial membrane(small tape). Function is to produce synovial fluid and stabilize joint.
What is the outer layer of the synovial joint?

106
Q

What is the outer layer of the synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule. Function is to duct tape joints(dense irregular connective tissue).

107
Q

What makes up the articular capsule?

A

Synovial membrane and fibrous layer(dense irregular).

108
Q

What makes the synovial fluid a lubricant?

A

The protein.

109
Q

What prevents long bones from rubbing against each other in the synovial joints?

A

The articular cartilage found on the ends of both sides.

110
Q

What is meniscus made out of? Found in?

A

Cartilage, an extra layer of cartilage for the synovial joints. They are found in, temporal bone+mandible, acromion+clavicle, distal radius+ulna, and tibia+femur.

111
Q

Another name for meniscus?

A

Articular discs.

112
Q

What is the bursae function and location?

A

Function is to reduce function found in joints. Specifically shoulder and knee joints.(fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane)

113
Q

What is the function and location of the tendon sheath?

A

Same function as bursae and covers the tendon. (lined with synovial membrane, filled with fluid)

114
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A

Plane joint, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, saddle and ball-socket joint.

115
Q

What is the movement and areas of the plane joint?

A

Gliding, found in the carpal and metacarpals.

116
Q

What is the movement and areas of the hinge joint?

A

Flexion and extension, found in elbow and interphalangeal joints.

117
Q

What is the movement and the areas of the pivot joints?

A

Rotation, found in proximal radius and spine.

118
Q

What is the movement and the areas of the condyloid joint?

A

It has flexion/extension + adduction/abduction, found in metacarpals and phalanges.

119
Q

What is the movement and the areas of the saddle joint?

A

Flexion/tension + adduction/abduction, found in lower limbs(compared to condyloid it has more stability).

120
Q

What is the movement and the areas of the ball and socket joint?

A

Flexion/extension + adduction/abduction + rotation(360degrees of movement), found in shoulder and hip joints.

121
Q

What is the movement of flipping your hand over and back?

A

Pronation(palm posterior) and supination(palm anterior).

122
Q

What is eversion and inversion?

A

Heel facing towards your body(inversion) and your heel facing away(eversion).

123
Q

What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A

Move your feet up(dorsiflexion) and point it down(plantar flexion).

124
Q

What is protraction and retraction?

A

Push your jaw forward(protraction) and push your jaw back(retraction).

125
Q

What is depression and elevation?

A

Push your shoulders down(depression) and push your shoulders up(elevation).

126
Q

What is the movement of your fingers ability to touch the thumb?

A

Opposition.

127
Q

What joints are classified under synarthroses?

A

Suture(skull), gomphoses(teeth) and synchondroses(epiphyseal, rib 1 and sternum)

128
Q

What is the movement of synchondroses?

A

Immovable.

129
Q

What are the joints under amphiarthrosis?

A

Symphysis and syndesmosis.

130
Q

What type of movement is amphiarthrosis?

A

Slightly movable.

131
Q

What is the joint under diarthrosis?

A

Synovial.

132
Q

Under the symphyses joint what are the examples?

A

Fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

133
Q

Under the syndesmoses joint what are the examples?

A

Connects between ligaments, distal joint between tibia+fibula and ulna+radius.

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