Unit 8 Study Flashcards
ANS stands for?
Autonomic nervous system.
ANS is divided into what two divisions?
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division.
ANS is defined as?
Homeostasis is a dynamic balance between the autonomic branches.
What are the four dominating functions of the parasympathetic and two sympathetic autonomic nervous system divisions?
Parasympathetic division, rest, digest and conserves energy/replenishes nutrients. Sympathetic division, flight or fight.
They innervate the whole body and control what parts?
Cardiac Muscle(motor control), smooth muscle(motor control) and glands. They have functions to regulate homeostasis.
What is the main area ANS comes from?
Mainly spinal cord, some from the brain stem.
What are the two neurons in the ANS?
Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron.
What ganglion is between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron?
Autonomic ganglion.
Adrenal medulla(located in adrenal gland) is a modified _____ ____.
Sympathetic ganglion(fight or flight).
Adrenal medulla releases ___ and ___ which makes up adrenaline.
Epinephrine(mainly released and sent into blood) and norepinephrine.
The function of adrenaline(epinephrine and norepinephrine) is?
Increase heart rate, increase blood pressure and release ATP(be able to fight).
Preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division releases ___.
Acetylcholine(ACh).
The receptor on the postganglionic neuron is called?
Nicotinic ACh receptor.
Postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division releases?
Norepinephrine.
Preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division releases what neurotransmitter?
ACh.
The receptor on the postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division is called?
Nicotinic ACh receptor.
Postganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division uses ___ receptor and postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division uses ___ receptor.
Adrenergic receptor and muscarinic receptor.
What are the three important receptors we must know?
Nicotinic ACh( ACh), adrenergic(norepinephrine) and muscarinic receptors(ACh).
In the spinal cord motor neurons of ANS are found in what horn and then to what root?
Lateral horn(preganglionic neuron cell body), then to ventral root(preganglionic neuron axon).
The postganglionic axon connects to what?
The effector organ(cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland).
What are the three areas of control of ANS?
Hypothalamus(diencephalon), brainstem(original brain) and spinal cord.
What are the structural differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons?
Parasympathetic has one long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron. Sympathetic has a short preganglionic neuron and a long postganglionic neuron.
Where are the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions mainly residing in the spinal cord?
Parasympathetic is mainly in the beginning and end of the spinal cord and contains CN 3, 7 , 9 and 10(cervical and S2-S4). Sympathetic is mainly in the middle of the spinal cord(lateral horns and T1-L2).
What are some functions when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
Pupil dilate, saliva decrease, heart/breathing increase, digestive decrease, constrict urine production, constrict sexual desire, and sweat increase.
What reaction/gland is the only exception of an ACh from the postganglionic neuron to connect to the target cells instead of ACh directly from the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic pathways?
Sweat gland.
What are the two cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic(ion channel) and muscarinic(g-protein carpal receptor).
What are the five adrenergic receptors?
Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1, 2, and 3.
Alpha 1 is in the ___ ___ and will_____(sympathetic).
Blood vessel and constrict.
Alpha 2 is in the _____(digestive function) and will facilitate_____.
Pancreas, and blood clotting.
Beta 1 is in the _____ and will increase_____(sympathetic).
Heart, and blood pressure.
Beta 2 is in the _____ and it will be _____(sympathetic).
Brancia(airway), and dilation.
Beta 3 is in the ______ and will _____.
Adipose tissue releases stored energy into glucose(lipolysis).
What is the antagonist for muscarinic receptors?
Atropine(inhibits ACh/blocks parasympathetic).
What is the antagonist for B1 receptors?
(inhibits EP1 and NE).
What is dual innervation?
When parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers innervate and have antagonistic effects.
What is tone?
Result of partial activity(some stimulation).
What is an example of a sympathetic tone?
Smooth muscles of blood vessels(more constriction). This is regulated by an increase or decrease in activity of parasympathetic tone.
What is an example of a parenthetical tone?
Resting heart rate. This is caused by an increase or decrease of parasympathetic tone(activity).
What is stimulus?
Change detected by the body from external or internal environment.
What is a sensory receptor?
Structure in the body that detects specific stimuli.
_____ potential is able to change in greater or lesser amounts due to the response to a stimulus.
Graded.
What are the steps of sensory transduction?
Stimulus energy(light, sound), receptor potential(graded potential) and action potential.
_____ sense is what covers your whole body.
General senses.
What is an example of a big input in general sense?
Skin.
What are the two senses for internal and external general senses?
Somatic sense(skin) and visceral sense(organ).
_____ sense is what covers your head.
Special sense.
What are examples of inputs in a special sense?
Visual, auditory, olfactory and gustatory(taste). Aka all complex sensory organs.
What are the three classifications of sensory receptors?
Stimulus origin, stimulus detection, and structures.
What are the three divisions of stimulus origin under sensory receptor classifications?
Exteroceptors(external), interoceptors(internal), and proprioceptors(joints/muscles/tendons).
What are the five divisions of stimulus detection under sensory receptor classifications?
Mechanoreceptors(mechanical change/auditory), thermoreceptors(temperature/skin), chemoreceptors(chemical change/olfactory), photoreceptors(light/retina), and nociceptors(pain/skin).
What are the two divisions of structure under sensory receptor classifications?
Un-encapsulated(free nerve endings) and encapsulated(meissner’s-touch/pacinian-pressure corpuscles).
How are sensory receptors able to detect stimulus and transduct it into graded potential?
The change of membrane permeability.
What are the characteristics of receptor potentials?
It is a graded potential, contains depolarization/repolarization, response is determined by stimulus strength, it has no refractory period(can continuously send out stimulus), and has summations(built up effect on receptor potential).
Receptor cells generate what potential energy in a two part specialized receptor cell?
Graded potentials.
The ganglia cells in the two separate receptor cells generate what potential energy?
Generates action potential.
The specialized receptor cell that contains two separate receptor parts is usually used for what senses?
Auditory, gustatory, visual and olfactory.
Where is the site of initiation action potentials and where does the direction of propagation of action potential occur?
Axon hillock and axon.
The receptor cell just generates what potential from physical stimulus?
Graded potential.
Why can your brain identify a small touch of a mosquito and a bite from a bear?
Stimulus coding.
How is stimulus coding used to identify small and large touches?
Using frequency, how many action potentials per second.
The smaller the receptive field is, the better the ____ is.
Sensory detection. Better resolution.
What is sensory adaptation?
Receptor response to a sustained stimulus change. (olfactory ignoring a bad smell after a while aka a decrease of action potentials over time)
What is a phasic and tonic receptor?
Pasic is a rapid adapting receptor(olfactory) and tonic is a slow adapting neuron(pain receptor).
What are labeled lines?
Discrete chains of neurons that are in a pathway that runs from receptor to CNS.(sensory neuron → thalamus → cortex for pressure receptor)
What is an example of afferent pathway?
Muscle stretch receptor to midbrain to somatosensory of cortex.
What is the receptive field?
Portion of the body where receptors signal one sensory neuron(small or large).
A small receptive field means an increase of?
Acuity(the ability to discriminate against different stimuli).
What and where was the lateral inhibition?
It’s a neuronetwork that’s before reaching the cortex. It’s a center neuron between afferent neurons and second order sensory neurons. It inhibits transmission of lower action potentials/stimuli(below the base/threshold line).
What is perception?
Conscious interpretation of stimuli from sensory receptors.
What is pain?
Protective mechanics, a conscious awareness of tissue damage. Creates a discomfort pain to prevent repetitive stimulation caused by action.
What are the three types of pain receptors?
Mechanical, thermal, polymodal nociceptors.
What are the three functions to the three types of nociceptors?
Mechanical: cutting, crushing, pinching. Thermal: extreme temperatures. Polymodal: All damaging stimuli.
Is fast pain myelinated or unmyelinated?
Myelinated sharp pains.
Are slow pains myelinated or unmyelinated?
Torn ligaments are unmyelinated slow pains.
What is the specific neurotransmitter for pain?
Substance P.
Where does the pathway of substance P come from?
Between the brain stem and higher brain. The reticular formation(group of nuclei in brainstem) and limbic system will increase alertness and emotional response to pain.
Spinothalamic pathway.
Between what neurons can you close the gate to prevent signal transduction to the cerebral cortex?
Neuron 1 and 2. This is called the “gate theory”, epidural is the work of the gate theory.
What is the palpebrae?
Outer accessory structures to the eye.
What is one accessory structure palpebrae?
Conjunctiva. Conjunctiva can be broken down into ocular conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva.
What is the function of the conjunctiva?
Small membrane that blockers outer material from coming in.
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
Tear gland cleans and lubricates the eye.
What are the three cranial nerves that move the eye?
CN III, CN IV, CN VI.
How many muscles under the extrinsic eye muscles are there?
Six muscles, 4 rectus and 2 oblique.
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic(outer), vascular tunic(middle), and neural tunic(inner).
What are the two structures under the fibrous tunic?
Cornea and sclera.
What are the 3 structures under the vascular(blood vessels) tunic?
Choroid, ciliary body(muscles and processes) and iris.
What are the two structures under the neural tunic?
Retina and optic nerve.
What are the two internal chambers and fluids?
Posterior cavity, vitreous humor like jello. Anterior chamber, aqueous humor like liquid.
What is the function of the lens?
Bends light, focuses light to the center.
What is the function of the fovea?
Center part of the retina, only contains cones and has high acuity.
What are the three layers which contain what cells?
First layer, ganglia(action potential), bipolar receptor then photoreceptor.
What cells are in between bipolar and ganglion cell layers? Function?
Amacrine cell function is the good resolution and causes good contrasts.
The photoreceptor layer contains what cells?
Rods(black/white) and cones(red/blue/green).
What is the fovea centralis?
The sharpest vision, all cones no rods.
What is the contrast between rods and cones?
Rods : low acuity, much convergence, night vision and periphery objects. Cones : High acuity, little convergence, and only in the fovea, color.
What are the functions of photopigments?
Absorb light.
What is phototransduction?
Rods responding to dim light.
What is the spectrum in nm of visible light?
400-700 nm.
There are __ kinds of cells and ___ types of layers in the retina.
5 and 3.
What are the only two cells in the retina that do not contribute to signal transduction?
Horizontal and amacrine cells.
What is your blind spot?
Lies above the optic nerve, called the optic disc.
How do rods and cones work?
Signal transduction, photopigments inside the rods/cones respond to visible light by dark current. When it is dark they release a lot of second neurotransmitters,when it is dark there is a lot of current. Bipolar receives a lot of neurotransmitters it will release nothing, when it receives nothing it will release a lot of neurotransmitters(hyperpolarization).
What is low and high convergence?
Low- 1 ganglion cell connects to one bipolar/one cone(high acuity). High - One ganglion connects to multiple bipolar and multiple rods(low acuity).
How does the visual pathway work?
Retina, optic nerve, chiasm, tract, thalamus and midbrain to cortex.
The two different visions from the left and right eye, are used to recreate a ___ vision.
3-D vision.
What are the two parts to the outer ear?
Pinna and acoustic meatus.
What is the outer ears function?
To collect sound.
What are the three parts of the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane, ossicles(malleus, incus and stapes), auditory tube(balance pressure).
What are the parts to the inner ear?
Semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule
What are the functions of the semicircular canals and vestibules?
Balancing.
What is the function of the cochlea?
Auditory.
What are the nerves found in the ear?
Vestibular branch(balance), cochlear branch(auditory) → vestibulocochlear nerve VIII.
What is the function of the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear?
It connects to the stapes ossicle, and tightens the stapes. Which in turn will make it less sensitive to vibrations.
What are some things that happen to the outer and middle ear when sound is conducted through the canal?
Tympanic membrane vibrates, those vibrations are amplified and mechanically move the ossicles.
What are some things that happen to the inner ear during sound transmission?
Liquid will be pushed in and out of the cochlear(opposite directions). In turn it will bend the hair cells of the organ of cochlea.
What are the three parts to the organ of cochlea?
Vestibular membrane, basilar membrane and hair cells.
After hair cells it turns sound waves from mechanical to ____.
Neuronal.
Organ of ____ ,____ and ____ are the three sensory receptors in the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canal.
Cochlea, ampullae(vestibule) and sistanelebule.
You need air particles to create sound.
What are the two properties of sound waves?
Pitch(tone) and intensity(loudness).
