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Bio > Unit 2.3 > Flashcards

Unit 2.3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four types of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins, Nucleic Acids.

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2
Q

What is the backbone of all organic molecules?

A

Carbon.

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3
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

Large organic molecules.

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4
Q

What is a biomolecule?

A

Organic molecules found in living organisms, can be large and small.

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5
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large organic molecules made from smaller subunits(monomers).

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6
Q

What are the 6 different types of function groups in organic molecules? Draw structure form.

A

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, and Phosphate.
OH-, CO, CO2H-, NH2, SH, PO4

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7
Q

Name the two function groups that are polar.

A

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl.

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8
Q

Wht type of reaction is used to break down macromolecules?

A

Hydrololysis reaction aka adding H20 to a chemical reaction.

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9
Q

Waht are the three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Glucose and Frutose
Disaccharides, lactose and sucrose.
Polysaccharides, starch and cellulose.

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10
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

Glucose and oxygen creates ATP

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11
Q

What is the function of Frutose?

A

Can be converted to glucose and used as an energy source.

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12
Q

Under what type of carb is a ribosome?

A

Monosaccharides, main function of ribose is part of the RNA strand and ATP. Deoxyribose part of the DNA nucleiotides.

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13
Q

What type of reaction links subunits?

A

Dehydration synthesis.

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14
Q

What’s the difference between each carbohydrates?

A

Mono is a single disaccharides are double or more, polysaccharides are triple or more subunits .

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15
Q

What are the functions of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose?

A

Starch, found in plants is good sources of energy.
Cellulose, found in plants are good for gut health as they add fiber in our diet, because of structure our enzymes cannot brek down this fiber.

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16
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phosolipids, and steroids.

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17
Q

What is the fat and oil lipids?

A

Triglycerides, there are two types of fat. Saturted (no double covalent bond) and unsaturated fats ( double covalent bonds) both structures have two types of subunits an tails(chains). Glycerol and fatty acids.

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18
Q

An example of triglycerides?

A

Canola oil or butter.

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19
Q

What are trans fats?

A

A type of fattybacid found in fried foods, Most bacteria does not like or cannot digest this food so it stays good for longer. Your body cannot digest it either.

20
Q

What is a phosolipids?

A

Usual function is to create cell membranes. It’s structure is comprised of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail. (oil\fat is non polar)

21
Q

What are sterols and an example of such.

A

Testosterone and cholesterol. They are sex harmones.

22
Q

What are proteins made out of?

A

Amino acids.

23
Q

Between what two elements in a protein structure creates a peptide bond.

A

C an N

24
Q

How many amino acids are found in proteins?

A

20

25
Q

How do you create a peptide bond?

A

Through dehydration synthesis and the binding of C and N.

26
Q

What is primary structure of a protein?

A

A polypeptide. Which is created by amino acids.

27
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets. THis works by hydrogen bonds locally organizing the polypeptide chain into helical and pleated secondary structures.

28
Q

What is the next structure after the secondary structure in the proteins.

A

Tertiary structure, a long coil stabilized by lond distance interactions pulls the secondary structure into a compact three dimensional shape.

29
Q

What is the quarternary structure?

A

Some proteins consist of two more polypeptide subunits.

30
Q

What is denature?

A

When a normal coil structured proteins become in ravelld.

31
Q

Proteins are used as what in our body?

A

Buffers.

32
Q

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolysis is used in chemical reactions where water is used to break down a reaction int separate subunits whereas dehydration synthesis is used when water is removed from subunits to build up or combine the two subunits into one.

33
Q

What is the decider of the function of the proteins?

A

The 3D structure.

34
Q

What is the decider of 3D structure ?

A

The amino acid.

35
Q

When does the polypeptide become a protein?

A

Once the polypeptides conjoin to make a 3D structure.

36
Q

What are the four types of bond in a protein? What does it bond?

A

Hydrogen, O-Hions
Disulfide bond, S-S
Ionic, two charged ions
Hydrophobic exclusion, strands fold together(hydrophilic) to protect inside bond(hydrophobic)

37
Q

What is an example of proteins having the wrong “formula” or amino acid?

A

Sickle cell anemia.

38
Q

What are the two things that cause denature of a protein?

A

pH balance and temparture.

39
Q

What are the six functions of proteins?

A

Movement,
transportation,
buffer,
activation\control of other molecules,
defense,
enzyme.

40
Q

What are the building blocks(monomers) of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleiotides.

41
Q

What are the three functions of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, double stranded genetic code. Regulates cell division, regulates metabolism.
Gene, the DNA sequence that creates one protein (instructions).
RNA, sickle strand weak structure. Involved in protein structure, can function as an enzyme (ribozymes).

42
Q

What is the instruction, copied instructions, ingredients and the mixing bowl in RNA\DNA?

A

DNA is the instructions
mRNA is the copied instructions
tRNA is the ingredients (carry amino acid)
rRNA is the mixing bowl ( part of the ribosome)

43
Q

How many nitrogenous bases are there in the structure of ATP?

A

Five.

44
Q

When ATP gets used for energy what changes to the ATP?

A

It changes from ATP to ADP

45
Q

How many phosphate groups are in ATP?

A

Three.

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