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Bio > Unit 4 Study guide > Flashcards

Unit 4 Study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal state in response to changing internal or external conditions.

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2
Q

What are the only examples and definition of positive feedback loops?

A

They occur less frequent than negative feedback loops, stimulus reinforced too continue moving variable in same direction until climate event occurs and then body returns to homeostasis. Examples blood clotting, breast milk and labor.

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3
Q

What is negative feedback loops and examples?

A

Controls most process in the body, the variable fluctuates within normal range around a set point. In negative feedback, homeostasis control respond to move variable in opposite direction to bring back into normal range.

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4
Q

What are the three components of the feedback loop?

A

Input, Controller and output.
Input - Receptor detects change to stimulus.
Control center - takes input and initates changes through effector(brain, endocrine).
Output - The structure that brings the changes to alter the stimulus.

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5
Q

Types of epithelium tissues and their main location?

A

Squamous, cuboital and columnar. Simple or stratified.
Functions are to line/cover body, organs, cavities and some glands.

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6
Q

What are the three junctions found in connective tissues?

A

Tight junction, on the surface and keeps everything together example intestine/skin
Desmosomes junction, strongest and biggest works in the deeper part example heart.
Gap junction, weakest and tiny which work like ion channel between cells.

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7
Q

Characteristics of simple squamous?

A

Found in the lining of
air sacs(lungs),
blood vessels
and lymphatic vessels.

Characteristics are
easy to diffuse across.

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8
Q

Characteristics of simple cuboidal?

A

Found in lining of
kidney tubs,
thyroid gland follicle,
surface of ovary,
secretory regions and ducts of most glands.

Characteristics of
absorbtion and secretion.

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9
Q

Characteristics of simple columnar?

A

Sometimes found as
microvilli,
lines uterers stomachs and intestines.

Function,
absorbtion and secretion of mucin.

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10
Q

Characteristics of ciliated pseudostratified columnar?

A

Characteristics of
cillia
has goblet cells

Function?
Protection, also movement of mucus across surface.

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11
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Location?
Oral cavity, vagina and anal canal.
Function?
protection of underlying tissue from abrasion.

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12
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Characteristics?
forms keratin
found outer layer of skin
Function?
protection

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13
Q

Transitional stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Location?
Urinary bladder, uterers and parts of urethra.
Function?
distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes.,

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14
Q

Four types of connective tissues and subclasses?

A

Connective tissue proper
Lose - areolar adipose and reticular.
Dense - dense irregular, dense regular and elastic.
Cartilage
Bone Tissue
Blood

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15
Q

All subclasses of connective tissue main locations and characteristics?

A

Special characteristic of connective tissue
- few cells, abundant in extracellular matrix - ground substances or fibers
- common embryonic original is mesenchyme.

Connective tissue - areolar reticular adipose dense regular/irregular and elastic
Cartilage - hyaline elastic fibrocartilage and bone
Fluid - blood and lymph

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16
Q

What are the structural elements of connective tissue?

A

Fibers - extracellular matrix is composed of fibers and ground substance
Unique properties are, collagen(strongest), reticular(cartilage) and elastic fibers.

17
Q

What are the primary cell types of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts(makes connective tissue proper), chondroblasts(cartilage), and osteoblasts(bone).

18
Q

Main location andcharacteristics of areolar?

A

Underlines all epithelial tissue and surrounds small nerves and blood vessels,
Support and binds of other tissues,
holds body fluid,
defend against infection.

19
Q

Main location and characteristics of dense regular/irregular tissue and elastic

A

Regular - parallel collagen fibers has fibroblasts, found in tendons ligaments and aponeuroses.
Irregular - not parallel has fibroblasts, found in first layer of joint capsule.
Elastic - high proportion of elastic fibers, large arteries and bronchial tubes.

20
Q

Main location and characteristics of cartilage?

A

Hyaline - colleges fibers forms network opaque but firm matrix contains chondroblasts, forms most embryonic skeleton and costal cartilage of ribs.
Elastic - most elastic fibers in matrix, sorts external ear.
Fibrocartilage - thick collagen fibers prodomeninate, intervertebral discs, more discs and knee joint.

21
Q

Characteristic of bone?

A

Osseous tissue - hard calcified matrix containing many collagen very vascularized, bones.

22
Q

Characteristics of blood?

A

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix( plasma)

23
Q

Three types of muscle and it’s characteristic?

A

Skeletal muscle - long cylindrical multicleated cells, in skeletal muscle attached to bones or skin. locomotive, manipulation of environment.
Cardiac muscle - branching stiated unicleated cells, the walls of the heart. contacts it propels blood into circulation.
Smooth muscle - spinal said cells with central nuclei, most walls of hollow organs. propels substances or objects along internal passeagways.

24
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissues?

A

Neurons are branching cells, brain SpinAl cord and nerves. transmit signals from sensory receptors and effectors.

25
Q

What enzyme adds complementary DNA nucleotide too each DNA strand?

A

Polymerase

26
Q

What is Proofread?

A

DNA uses proofread to avoid mutations.

27
Q

What is translation? Transcription?

A

A mRNA copy of the gene is made in the nucleus(transcription) and mRNA and tRNA is used to link amino acids at the ribosome to create protein.

28
Q

Start are the three types of RNAused?

A

mRNA(instructions), tRNA(carriers amino acids) and rRNA(part of a ribosome, holds tRNA and mRNA so wink acids can be linked)

29
Q

Wear is the promoter?

A

A base sequined in the DNA that signal the start of a gene, polymerase must first bind to promoter.

30
Q

Wear are the three stages of translation?

A

Activation of tRNA
initiation - tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit, stages to mRNA and starts moving along to start codon.
elongation - mRNA passes through ribosomal submit, tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosomal binding site, peptide bond forms.
termination

31
Q

What is the one start codon and the three stop?

A

Aug
Uaa, Uag and uga

Bio (19 decks)

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