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Psychology AP > Unit Seven: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

Unit Seven: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

hierarchy of needs

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3
Q

Instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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6
Q

Incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases (moderate arousal is best, but with very hard you need lowish and with very easy you need highish)

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8
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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9
Q

Ancel Keys

A

semi-starvation study

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10
Q

A.L. Washburn

A

stomach contractions due to hunger

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11
Q

Glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger

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12
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A

a neural arc that has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones (located in hypothalamus)

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13
Q

Ghrelin

A

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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14
Q

Insulin

A

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

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15
Q

Orexin

A

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

Leptin

A

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

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17
Q

PYY

A

digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

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18
Q

Set point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. (partially genes) When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

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19
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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20
Q

Neophobia

A

dislike of things unfamiliar (people and rats tend to avoid new and unfamiliar foods due to evolution)

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21
Q

Social facilitation

A

the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies (eat more with others)

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22
Q

The ecology of eating

A

situations also control our eating (others, unit sizes, food variety)

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23
Q

Unit bias

A

we are more likely to consume more (one large sandwich) with overlarge unit sizes of foods (we won’t order an equal amount of smaller sandwiches)

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24
Q

Four perspectives for viewing motivated behavior

A

Instinct, Drive-Reduction, Optimal Arousal, Maslow

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25
Q

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

A

sexual cycle

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26
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement(physical changes), plateau(peak), orgasm(release and muscle contractions, max breathing and blood pulse and bp), and resolution(return to normal)

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27
Q

Refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another

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28
Q

Sexual dysfunction

A

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

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29
Q

Paraphilias

A

abnormal sexual behaviors or impulses characterized by intense sexual fantasies and urges that keep coming back

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30
Q

Estrogens

A

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

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31
Q

Testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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32
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

blood sugar too low, causes dizziness weakness and fainting

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33
Q

Vetromedial hypothalamus

A

tells you that you are full

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34
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

secretes orexin

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35
Q

Obestatin

A

a hunger-decreacing hormone secreted by an full stomach

36
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

blood sugar too high, diabetes, the cells in your pancreas do not metabolize carbs

37
Q

What neurotransmitter do carbs raise?

A

serotonin

38
Q

Insecure anxious attachment

A

constantly craving acceptance (stay close) but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection (walk in with one foot leaning back)

39
Q

Insecure avoidant attachment

A

feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that they employ avoidant strategies to maintain their distance (never get close to anyone)

40
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

a brain area activated by social-ostrasicm that also activates in response to physical pain (also active during lying)

41
Q

Affiliation need

A

need to belong

42
Q

Chain migration

A

send people where there are already people like them (syrian with syrian)

43
Q

Ostracism

A

exclusion from a society or group

44
Q

Emotion(s)

A

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

45
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (arousal before emotion)

46
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (arousal and emotion at the same time, but separately)

47
Q

Schachter and Singer (other name)

A

an emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal: Our physical reactions (arousal) and our thoughts (labels) together create emotions (the Two-Factor theory)

48
Q

Zajonc

A

emotional reactions can occur before or apart from our interpretations of a situation (he talked about words)

49
Q

Lazarus

A

emotions arise when we appraise an event, regardless of whether we truly know what it is->
cognitive appraisal defines emotion (needed in both the low and high road)

50
Q

Insula

A

a neural center deep inside the brain activated when we experience various social emotions, such as lust, pride, and disgust

51
Q

What side of the prefrontal cortex is activated by disgust, depression, and general negativity?

A

right

52
Q

Polygraph

A

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion

53
Q

Guilty knowledge test

A

assesses a suspect’s physiological responses to crime-scene details known only to the police and the guilty person

54
Q

Duchenne smile

A

a natural smile (as shown by the eyes and cheeks)

55
Q

Facial feedback effect (also behavior feedback)

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

56
Q

Health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine (how stress and healthy/unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness)

57
Q

Stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

58
Q

Catastrophes

A

unpredictable large-scale events, such as wars, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and famines

59
Q

Walter Cannon

A

the stress response is part of a unified mind-body system, he named fight-or-flight

60
Q

Hans Selye

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS): the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm(mobilize resources), resistance(attempt to cope), exhaustion(reserves depleted)

61
Q

Tend-and-befriend

A

a stress response, found especially among women, to seek and give support

62
Q

Oxytocin

A

a stress-moderating hormone associated with pair bonding in animals and released by cuddling, massage, and breast feeding in humans (causes labor)

63
Q

Psychophysiological illness

A

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

64
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

65
Q

Lymphocytes

A

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

66
Q

B lymphocytes

A

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

67
Q

T lymphocytes

A

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (including transplanted organs)

68
Q

Macrophage

A

“big eater”, which identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells

69
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).

70
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

71
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

72
Q

Type B

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

73
Q

Robert Plutchik

A

we have base emotions and everything works off of that (more/less intense, mix of multiple), he made the emotion flower (AP only)

74
Q

Common sense theory of emotion

A

I tremble because I am afraid (emotion causes physical response)

75
Q

Spillover effect (from two-factor)

A

arousal from one thing can cause an unrelated emotion, the waiting room experiment

76
Q

LeDoux

A

the high and low road of emotion (complex are top-down in the high road, basic are low road), he talked about the stuff Zajonc did, but he divided emotions into roads

77
Q

High road

A

complex emotions, slower, thalamus to cortex to amygdala

78
Q

Low road

A

basic emotions/reflex, faster, thalamus to amygdala

79
Q

Behavior medicine

A

how stress and healthy and unhealthy behaviors influence health and illness

80
Q

Cortisol

A

stress hormone, long-range stress from adrenal glands

81
Q

Telomeres

A

short ends of the chromosomes that decay and fall off due to stress, causing you to age because the cells can not reproduce

82
Q

What are the four types of cells of the immune system?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells

83
Q

Optimal Arousal Theory

A

some motivated behaviors increase arousal; we do not try to eliminate arousal but we try to seek optimal arousal (full but exploring)

84
Q

What two hunger hormones does sleep mess with?

A

reduce leptin and increase ghrelin

85
Q

Need

A

a psychological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal

Psychology AP (13 decks)

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