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Psychology AP > Unit Four: States of Consciousness > Flashcards

Unit Four: States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Hypnosis + Scientist

A

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestion that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Frank Mesmer

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3
Q

Posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behavior

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4
Q

Dissociation

A

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

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5
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation

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6
Q

Spontaneous (natural) states of conscious

A

Daydream, drowsiness, dreaming

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7
Q

Physiological states of consciousness

A

Hallucinations, orgasm, food and O2 starvation

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8
Q

Psychological states of consciousness

A

Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

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9
Q

Hypnotic induction

A

The process undertaken by a hypnotist to establish the state or conditions required for hypnosis (super relaxed)

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10
Q

What was the old scale for hypnosis, what is the new one?

A

Stanford Hypnotic Scale->

Creative Imagination Scale

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11
Q

Levels of consciousness, conscious

A

Working memory

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12
Q

Levels of consciousness, non-conscious

A

Posture, digestion

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13
Q

Levels of consciousness, preconscious

A

Freud, we have all of our memories (wrong) (potty-training messed us up)

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14
Q

Levels of consciousness, subconscious

A

Processed without thinking, hum of a fan

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15
Q

Levels of consciousness, unconscious

A

Freud, psycho-dynamic (hidden desires, everything is related to sex)

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16
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings

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17
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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18
Q

Alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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19
Q

Sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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20
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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21
Q

Hypnagogic

A

of or relating to the state immediately before falling asleep

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22
Q

Sleep spindles

A

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity

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23
Q

Delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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24
Q

NREM sleep

A

nonrapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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25
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

the body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm

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26
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking

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27
Q

Make one full sleep cycle (NREM-1 through two rounds of REM)

A

N-1 to N-2 to N-3 to N-2 to R to N-2 to N-3 to N-2 to R

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28
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepines

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29
Q

Role of the pineal gland in sleep

A

Produces melatonin (causes sleep)

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30
Q

Free radicals

A

molecules that are toxic to neurons

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31
Q

James Maas and Rebecca Robbins

A

sleep improves athletic performance

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32
Q

What are the five reasons sleep evolved?

A

Protection, recuperate, memories, creative thinking, growth

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33
Q

Ghrelin

A

a hunger-arousing hormone

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34
Q

Leptin

A

hunger-suppressing partner

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35
Q

Insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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36
Q

Tolerance

A

a state in which increasing doses are needed to produce an effect

37
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

38
Q

Orexin (also called hypocretin)

A

a neurotransmitter linked to alertness

39
Q

Sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

40
Q

Night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

41
Q

How does cortisol relate to sleep-deprivation?

A

it is increased when sleep deprived and stimulates fat production

42
Q

Dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

43
Q

Manifest content

A

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

44
Q

Latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

45
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep

46
Q

What are the five theories of why we dream?

A

Wish-fulfillment, information-processing, physiological, neural activation, cognitive development

47
Q

Infradian vs Ultraradian

A

Infradian- longer than 24hrs, (breeding and menstrual)

Ultradian- part of longer cycle (temperature, hormones, sleep cycle)

48
Q

Beta waves

A

Completely awake

49
Q

REM rebound

A

When you wake up, then go right back to sleep you go right to REM and skip other stages

50
Q

Another term for sleepwalking

A

Somnambulism

51
Q

Bruxism

A

Teeth grinding

52
Q

R.E.M. behavior disorder

A

No paralysis

53
Q

Substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

54
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

55
Q

Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

56
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

57
Q

Withdrawl

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

58
Q

Depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

59
Q

Alcohol use disorder (popularly known as alcoholism)

A

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

60
Q

Another name for barbiturate drugs

A

tranquilizers

61
Q

Opiates

A

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

62
Q

Stimulant

A

excites neural activity and speeds up body functions

63
Q

Amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

64
Q

Nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

65
Q

Cocaine

A

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

66
Q

Methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

67
Q

Ecstasy

A

street name for MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen

68
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

69
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

70
Q

Near-death experience

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

71
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

72
Q

Albert Hofmann

A

Creator of LSD

73
Q

What category is alcohol?

A

Depressant

74
Q

What category is marijuana?

A

Mild hallucinogen

75
Q

What category is heroin?

A

Depressant

76
Q

What category is ecstasy?

A

Stimulant and mild halluncinogen

77
Q

What category is caffeine?

A

Stimulant

78
Q

What category is nicotine?

A

Stimulant

79
Q

What category is methamphetamine?

A

Stimulant

80
Q

What category is cocaine?

A

Stimulant

81
Q

Which drug disinhibits helpful tendencies, inhibits helpful tendencies, slows judgment and thinking, and reduces self-awareness?

A

Alcohol

82
Q

Which drug impairs motor coordination, intensifies anxious or depressed feelings, disrupts memory formation, and relieves pain and nausea?

A

Marijuana

83
Q

Which drug is prescribed for sleep and anxiety and impairs memory and judgment?

A

Barbiturates, or tranquilizers

84
Q

Which drug causes trips that vary from euphoria to detachment to peace and mimics near-death experiences?

A

LSD

85
Q

Which drug causes pupils to restrict, breathing to slow, lethargy, and the eventual halt of the production of endorphins?

A

Opiates

86
Q

Which drug triggers dopamine release, functions mainly by releasing stored serotonin and preventing its reuptake, has a dehydrating effect, and can permanently damage serotonin producing neurons?

A

Ecstasy

87
Q

Which drug causes quick addictions that are hard to break, causes craving, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability during withdrawal , functions by triggering epinephrine and norepinephrine, and correlates with depression, chronic disabilities and divorce?

A

Nicotine

88
Q

Which drug triggers the release of dopamine, causes hours of heightened energy, reduces the baseline levels of dopamine, and has after effects including insomnia, seizures, depression, and violent outbursts?

A

Methamphetamine

89
Q

Which drug blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, causes a crash within an hour, triggers aggression, and can cause suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and respiratory failure?

A

Cocaine

Psychology AP (13 decks)

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