Unit Four: States of Consciousness Flashcards
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Hypnosis + Scientist
a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestion that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Frank Mesmer
Posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behavior
Dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Ernest Hilgard
believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation
Spontaneous (natural) states of conscious
Daydream, drowsiness, dreaming
Physiological states of consciousness
Hallucinations, orgasm, food and O2 starvation
Psychological states of consciousness
Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation
Hypnotic induction
The process undertaken by a hypnotist to establish the state or conditions required for hypnosis (super relaxed)
What was the old scale for hypnosis, what is the new one?
Stanford Hypnotic Scale->
Creative Imagination Scale
Levels of consciousness, conscious
Working memory
Levels of consciousness, non-conscious
Posture, digestion
Levels of consciousness, preconscious
Freud, we have all of our memories (wrong) (potty-training messed us up)
Levels of consciousness, subconscious
Processed without thinking, hum of a fan
Levels of consciousness, unconscious
Freud, psycho-dynamic (hidden desires, everything is related to sex)
Circadian rhythm
a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Sleep
periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Hypnagogic
of or relating to the state immediately before falling asleep
Sleep spindles
bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity
Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
NREM sleep
nonrapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
Paradoxical sleep
the body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm
Sleep paralysis
a temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking
Make one full sleep cycle (NREM-1 through two rounds of REM)
N-1 to N-2 to N-3 to N-2 to R to N-2 to N-3 to N-2 to R
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepines
Role of the pineal gland in sleep
Produces melatonin (causes sleep)
Free radicals
molecules that are toxic to neurons
James Maas and Rebecca Robbins
sleep improves athletic performance
What are the five reasons sleep evolved?
Protection, recuperate, memories, creative thinking, growth
Ghrelin
a hunger-arousing hormone
Leptin
hunger-suppressing partner
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Tolerance
a state in which increasing doses are needed to produce an effect
Narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
Orexin (also called hypocretin)
a neurotransmitter linked to alertness
Sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
How does cortisol relate to sleep-deprivation?
it is increased when sleep deprived and stimulates fat production
Dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
Manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
Latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep
What are the five theories of why we dream?
Wish-fulfillment, information-processing, physiological, neural activation, cognitive development
Infradian vs Ultraradian
Infradian- longer than 24hrs, (breeding and menstrual)
Ultradian- part of longer cycle (temperature, hormones, sleep cycle)
Beta waves
Completely awake
REM rebound
When you wake up, then go right back to sleep you go right to REM and skip other stages
Another term for sleepwalking
Somnambulism
Bruxism
Teeth grinding
R.E.M. behavior disorder
No paralysis
Substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
Psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
Tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
Addiction
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences
Withdrawl
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Alcohol use disorder (popularly known as alcoholism)
alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
Another name for barbiturate drugs
tranquilizers
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Stimulant
excites neural activity and speeds up body functions
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
Cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
Methamphetamine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy
street name for MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
Albert Hofmann
Creator of LSD
What category is alcohol?
Depressant
What category is marijuana?
Mild hallucinogen
What category is heroin?
Depressant
What category is ecstasy?
Stimulant and mild halluncinogen
What category is caffeine?
Stimulant
What category is nicotine?
Stimulant
What category is methamphetamine?
Stimulant
What category is cocaine?
Stimulant
Which drug disinhibits helpful tendencies, inhibits helpful tendencies, slows judgment and thinking, and reduces self-awareness?
Alcohol
Which drug impairs motor coordination, intensifies anxious or depressed feelings, disrupts memory formation, and relieves pain and nausea?
Marijuana
Which drug is prescribed for sleep and anxiety and impairs memory and judgment?
Barbiturates, or tranquilizers
Which drug causes trips that vary from euphoria to detachment to peace and mimics near-death experiences?
LSD
Which drug causes pupils to restrict, breathing to slow, lethargy, and the eventual halt of the production of endorphins?
Opiates
Which drug triggers dopamine release, functions mainly by releasing stored serotonin and preventing its reuptake, has a dehydrating effect, and can permanently damage serotonin producing neurons?
Ecstasy
Which drug causes quick addictions that are hard to break, causes craving, insomnia, anxiety, and irritability during withdrawal , functions by triggering epinephrine and norepinephrine, and correlates with depression, chronic disabilities and divorce?
Nicotine
Which drug triggers the release of dopamine, causes hours of heightened energy, reduces the baseline levels of dopamine, and has after effects including insomnia, seizures, depression, and violent outbursts?
Methamphetamine
Which drug blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, causes a crash within an hour, triggers aggression, and can cause suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and respiratory failure?
Cocaine
