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Psychology AP > Unit Five: Learning > Flashcards

Unit Five: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

Habituates

A

make or become accustomed or used to something

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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5
Q

Conditioning

A

process of learning associations

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

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7
Q

Operant conditioning (what we associate)

A

we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. Thus we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

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8
Q

Cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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9
Q

Observational learning

A

one form of cognitive learning, lets us learn from others’ experiences

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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11
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

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12
Q

John B. Watson

A

psychology should be an objective science based on observable behavior (behaviorism)

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13
Q

Neutral stimuli (NS)

A

events that an animal can see or hear but do not associate with any event

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14
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth

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15
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response (UR)

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16
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS

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17
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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18
Q

Acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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19
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

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20
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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21
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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22
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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23
Q

Discrimination

A

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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24
Q

Respondent behavior

A

actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus (such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to a tone)

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25
Q

Operant conditioning (strengthened/diminished)

A

operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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26
Q

Law of effect (scientist)

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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27
Q

Operant chamber

A

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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28
Q

Reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

29
Q

Shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

30
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

31
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

32
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

33
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

34
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

35
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

36
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

37
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

38
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

39
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

40
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

41
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

42
Q

Punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

43
Q

Positive punishment

A

administer an adverse stimulus (spray of water)

44
Q

Negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus (take away licence)

45
Q

Biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

46
Q

John Garcia

A

radiation rats, rats respond only to a taste that “triggered illness” and can do so after a long delay

47
Q

Instinctive drift

A

animals trained to do a task (such as pigs returning dollars) will revert to their biologically predisposed patterens, Brelands

48
Q

Expectation

A

an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur, Rescorla and Wagner

49
Q

Cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it, Tolman and Honzik

50
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate

51
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solution

52
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

53
Q

Overjustification

A

overuse of bribes—leading people to see their actions as externally controlled rather than internally appealing

54
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

55
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

56
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

57
Q

Learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated averse events, Seligman

58
Q

External locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

59
Q

Internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

60
Q

Self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

61
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

62
Q

Mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe (motor neurons) neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

63
Q

Bandura

A

Bobo doll-observational learning

64
Q

Gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

65
Q

Role

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

66
Q

Gender identity

A

our sense of being male or female

67
Q

Social learning theory

A

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

68
Q

Gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

69
Q

Transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Psychology AP (13 decks)

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