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Psychology AP > Unit Eleven: Abnormal Behavior and Treatment > Flashcards

Unit Eleven: Abnormal Behavior and Treatment Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorder

A

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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2
Q

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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3
Q

Medical model

A

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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4
Q

DSM-5

A

the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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5
Q

Immigrant paradox

A

Immigrants to the United States from Mexico, Africa, and Asia average better mental health than their native U.S. counterparts. For example, compared with people who have recently immigrated from Mexico, Mexican-Americans born in the United States are at greater risk of mental disorder.

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6
Q

Maladaptive

A

they interfere with normal day-to-day life

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7
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

reformed the treatment of people that were mentally ill, started the medical model

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8
Q

Culture-bound syndromes

A

conditions that occur only in one country or culture (amok, susto, taijin-kyofusho, hikikomori)

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9
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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10
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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11
Q

Panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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12
Q

Panic attack

A

a minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling, or dizziness typically accompany the panic, which may be misperceived as a heart attack or other serious physical ailment.

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13
Q

Phobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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14
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such (Formerly called social phobia)

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15
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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16
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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17
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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18
Q

Post-traumatic growth

A

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

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19
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with OCD

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20
Q

Mood disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder

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21
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

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22
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (also called dysthymia)

A

experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years

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23
Q

Mania

A

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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24
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

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25
Q

Rumination

A

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

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26
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

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27
Q

Psychosis

A

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

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28
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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29
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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30
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. (See conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder.)

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31
Q

Conversion disorder

A

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder) (anxiety is converted into physical symptom, which the person is not worried about)

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32
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (formerly called hypochondriasis)

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33
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings (dissociative amnesia)

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34
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)

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35
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight

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36
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting

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37
Q

Binge-eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

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38
Q

Personality disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning (little/no desire to change)

39
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

40
Q

Somatization disorder

A

when anxiety is expressed through physical complaints (vomit, can’t swallow, no physical reason-getting sick from anxiety, more severe than normal symptoms)

41
Q

Fugue state

A

a part of dissociative disorders in which the person loses their memories, and also takes flight (usually develop a different identity) (dissociative amnesia and flight)

42
Q

Psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

43
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology

44
Q

Eclectic approach

A

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

45
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

(1) Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
(2) Freud’s therapeutic technique-> the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

46
Q

Resistance

A

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

47
Q

Interpretation

A

in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

48
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight (interpersonal- look at current relationships to get at the root of the problem and gain symptom relief)

49
Q

Insight therapies

A

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

50
Q

Client-centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

51
Q

Active listening

A

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy.

52
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

53
Q

Behavior therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behavior

54
Q

Counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

55
Q

Exposure therapies (scientist*2) (first and perfected)

A

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid
(Jones and Wolpe)

56
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

57
Q

Virtual reality exposure therapy

A

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

58
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

59
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

60
Q

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) (harsh scientist and kind one)

A

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
(Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck)

61
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

62
Q

Group therapy

A

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

63
Q

Family therapy

A

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

64
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

same thing as Pinel, took people out of mental hospitals and gave them treatment

65
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

66
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

67
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

68
Q

Therapeutic alliance

A

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

69
Q

Resilience

A

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

70
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

71
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

72
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

73
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

74
Q

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

75
Q

Psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

76
Q

Lobotomy

A

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

77
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Thorazine, first anti-psychotic (calmed response to irrelevant stimuli, block dopamine)

78
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs

79
Q

Risperidone and olanzapine

A

Risperdal and Zyprexia, new psychotics that do not have the major symptoms of the old ones (side effects- obesity and diabetes)

80
Q

D-cycloserine

A

antibiotic that acts as an antianxiety drug

81
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac, agonist that acts as an antidepressant-SSRIs

82
Q

Depakote

A

drug first used to treat epilepsy, now used to control manic episodes during bipolar disorder

83
Q

Flat affect

A

a severe reduction in emotional expressiveness

84
Q

Catatonia

A

a state of immobility and stupor

85
Q

Describe schizoid personality disorder (and cluster)

A

emotionless disengagement (eccentric or odd behavior)

86
Q

Describe histrionic personality disorder (and cluster)

A

attention getting (dramatic or impulsive)

87
Q

Describe paranoid personality (and cluster)

A

no trust (eccentric or odd behavior)

88
Q

Describe aviodant personality disorder (and cluster)

A

withdrawn, fear rejection (anxiety)

89
Q

Describe narcissistic personality disorder (and cluster)

A

self-focused/inflating (dramatic or impulsive)

90
Q

Describe antisocial personality disorder (and cluster)

A

lack of remorse (dramatic or impulsive)

91
Q

Describe dependent personality disorder (and cluster)

A

need people to take care of them (anxiety)

92
Q

Describe schizotypal personality disorder (and cluster)

A

mild schizophrenia, without delusions or hallucinations (eccentric or odd)

93
Q

Describe obsessive compulsive personality disorder (and cluster)

A

light OCD, concerned with order (anxiety)

94
Q

Describe borderline personality disorder (and clusters)

A

unstable moods/self-concept (dramatic or impulsive)

Psychology AP (13 decks)

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