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Psychology AP > Unit One: History and Research > Flashcards

Unit One: History and Research Flashcards

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1
Q

Thorndike

A

connectionism, puzzle boxes and cats, edu psych, behavorist

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2
Q

Hall

A

student of Wundt, first US lab, first APA prez, invited Freud to the US, promoter of eugenics

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

telegraph experiment, first psych lab (1879), structuralism

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4
Q

Margaret Washburn

A

first female psych phD, second female APA prez, The Animal Mind, experimental psychologist

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5
Q

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

A

current environment increases or decreases growth, needs of love and acceptance

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6
Q

Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

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7
Q

William James

A

functionalist, hired Mary Calkins, Principles of Psych.

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8
Q

Descarte

A

mind is separate from body, cognito ergo sum

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9
Q

Wertheimer

A

gestalt psychology

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10
Q

Plato

A

knowledge is innate, mind is separate from body

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11
Q

Francis Bacon

A

founder of modern science, humans look for order and remember patterns, empiricism

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12
Q

Aristotle

A

three part soul, mind is blank, observation

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13
Q

Freud

A

unconscious thought, childhood experiences

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14
Q

Soctates

A

Socratic method, doubt, mind is separate from body

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15
Q

Caulkins

A

prez of APA, “I” think, Harvard refused her degree

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16
Q

Edward Titchner

A

structuralism, introspection

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17
Q

John Locke

A

an essay concerning human understanding, birth mind is blank, empirisism

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18
Q

John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

A

observable behavior

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19
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection, functionalism

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20
Q

What are the seven perspectives?

A

behavioral, biological, cognitive, evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, social-cultural

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21
Q

Psychometrics

A

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

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22
Q

Levels of analysis

A

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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23
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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24
Q

Applied research

A

a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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25
Q

Basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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26
Q

Functionalism

A

an early school of thought that was promoted by James and influenced by Darwin that explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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27
Q

Empiricism

A

the idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge

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28
Q

Behavioral approach

A

in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

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29
Q

Biological approach

A

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal, etc) and psychological processes

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30
Q

Humanistic psychologists

A

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

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31
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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32
Q

Developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

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33
Q

Social-cultural psychology

A

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

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34
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

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35
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection

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36
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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37
Q

Industrial-Organizational (IO) psychology

A

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace

38
Q

Personality psychology

A

the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

39
Q

Social psychology

A

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

40
Q

Educational psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

41
Q

Positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

42
Q

Psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

43
Q

Clinical psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

44
Q

Counseling psychology

A

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

45
Q

Human factor psychology

A

an IO psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

46
Q

Psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

47
Q

Cognitive psycholgy

A

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

48
Q

Experimental psycholgy

A

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

49
Q

Community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

50
Q

Range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

51
Q

Skewed

A

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

52
Q

Mode, Median, and Mean

A

the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution, the middle score in a distribution (half are above, half are below), the arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

53
Q

Histogram

A

a bar graph depicting a frequency distrubution

54
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (central tendency and measures of variation)

55
Q

Culture

A

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

56
Q

Statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (p-value should be less than or equal to .05)

57
Q

Inferential statistics

A

numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

58
Q

Standard deviation

A

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

59
Q

Normal curve

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer are found near the extremes .1-2-13.5-34-34-13.5-2-.1

60
Q

Natural selection

A

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

61
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

62
Q

Debrief

A

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

63
Q

Informed consent

A

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

64
Q

Hypotheses

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

65
Q

Critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

66
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

67
Q

Correlate and Correlation coefficient

A

a measure of the extent to which two variable change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

a statistical index of the relationship (-1 to 1)

68
Q

Survey

A

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

69
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

70
Q

Case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

71
Q

Replicate

A

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

72
Q

Operational definitions

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

73
Q

Scatterplots

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables; the slope of the points represents the direction of the relationship between the two variables; the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlationq

74
Q

Illusory correlation

A

the perception of a relationship where none exists

75
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (DV)

76
Q

Sampling bias

A

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

77
Q

Population

A

all those in a group being studies, from which samples may be drawn

78
Q

Random sample

A

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

79
Q

Independent variable

A

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

80
Q

Confounding variables

A

a factor other than the IV that might produce an effect in an experiment

81
Q

Dependent variable

A

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

82
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

83
Q

Experimental group

A

the group exposed to the treatment, to one version of the IV

84
Q

Random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the two groups

85
Q

Theory

A

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

86
Q

Structuralism

A

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchner that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

87
Q

Psychodynamic psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

88
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

both the participants and the staff do not know if the participants received the treatment or a placebo

89
Q

Placebo effect

A

results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes in an active agent

90
Q

Control group

A

the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Psychology AP (13 decks)

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