Unit One: History and Research Flashcards
1
Q
Thorndike
A
connectionism, puzzle boxes and cats, edu psych, behavorist
2
Q
Hall
A
student of Wundt, first US lab, first APA prez, invited Freud to the US, promoter of eugenics
3
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
telegraph experiment, first psych lab (1879), structuralism
4
Q
Margaret Washburn
A
first female psych phD, second female APA prez, The Animal Mind, experimental psychologist
5
Q
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
A
current environment increases or decreases growth, needs of love and acceptance
6
Q
Pavlov
A
classical conditioning
7
Q
William James
A
functionalist, hired Mary Calkins, Principles of Psych.
8
Q
Descarte
A
mind is separate from body, cognito ergo sum
9
Q
Wertheimer
A
gestalt psychology
10
Q
Plato
A
knowledge is innate, mind is separate from body
11
Q
Francis Bacon
A
founder of modern science, humans look for order and remember patterns, empiricism
12
Q
Aristotle
A
three part soul, mind is blank, observation
13
Q
Freud
A
unconscious thought, childhood experiences
14
Q
Soctates
A
Socratic method, doubt, mind is separate from body
15
Q
Caulkins
A
prez of APA, “I” think, Harvard refused her degree
16
Q
Edward Titchner
A
structuralism, introspection
17
Q
John Locke
A
an essay concerning human understanding, birth mind is blank, empirisism
18
Q
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
A
observable behavior
19
Q
Darwin
A
natural selection, functionalism
20
Q
What are the seven perspectives?
A
behavioral, biological, cognitive, evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, social-cultural
21
Q
Psychometrics
A
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
22
Q
Levels of analysis
A
the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
23
Q
Biopsychosocial approach
A
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
24
Q
Applied research
A
a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
25
Basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
26
Functionalism
an early school of thought that was promoted by James and influenced by Darwin that explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
27
Empiricism
the idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
28
Behavioral approach
in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
29
Biological approach
the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal, etc) and psychological processes
30
Humanistic psychologists
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
31
Behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
32
Developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
33
Social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
34
Humanistic psychology
a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
35
Evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection
36
Cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
37
Industrial-Organizational (IO) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
38
Personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
39
Social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
40
Educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
41
Positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
42
Psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
43
Clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
44
Counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
45
Human factor psychology
an IO psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
46
Psychology
the science of behavior and mental processes
47
Cognitive psycholgy
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
48
Experimental psycholgy
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
49
Community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
50
Range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
51
Skewed
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
52
Mode, Median, and Mean
the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution, the middle score in a distribution (half are above, half are below), the arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
53
Histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distrubution
54
Descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (central tendency and measures of variation)
55
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
56
Statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (p-value should be less than or equal to .05)
57
Inferential statistics
numerical data that allows one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
58
Standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
59
Normal curve
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer are found near the extremes .1-2-13.5-34-34-13.5-2-.1
60
Natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
61
Nature-Nurture Issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
62
Debrief
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
63
Informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
64
Hypotheses
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
65
Critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, rather it examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
66
Hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
67
Correlate and Correlation coefficient
a measure of the extent to which two variable change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
a statistical index of the relationship (-1 to 1)
68
Survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
69
Naturalistic observations
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
70
Case study
a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
71
Replicate
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
72
Operational definitions
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study
73
Scatterplots
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables; the slope of the points represents the direction of the relationship between the two variables; the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlationq
74
Illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists
75
Experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (IV) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (DV)
76
Sampling bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
77
Population
all those in a group being studies, from which samples may be drawn
78
Random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
79
Independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
80
Confounding variables
a factor other than the IV that might produce an effect in an experiment
81
Dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
82
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
83
Experimental group
the group exposed to the treatment, to one version of the IV
84
Random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the two groups
85
Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
86
Structuralism
an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchner that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
87
Psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
88
Double-blind procedure
both the participants and the staff do not know if the participants received the treatment or a placebo
89
Placebo effect
results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes in an active agent
90
Control group
the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
