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Biochemistry II > Unit II Fat Burning > Flashcards

Unit II Fat Burning Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids that must be acquired through the diet?

A

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

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2
Q

What are essential fatty acids used to make?

A

Omega-3 and 6 fatty acids

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3
Q

Nomenclature of linoleic acid

A

18:2w6

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4
Q

Nomenclature of Linolenic acid

A

18:3w3

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5
Q

Nomenclature of Arachidonic acid

A

20:4w6

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6
Q

Nomenclature of Eicosapentaenoic Acid

A

20:5w3

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7
Q

Nomenclature of Docosahexaenoic Acid

A

22:6w3

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8
Q

Nomenclature of Palmitic Acid

A

16:0

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9
Q

Nomenclature of Steric Acid

A

18:0

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10
Q

Nomenclature of Oleic Acid

A

18:1w9

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11
Q

Triglycerides are also

A

triacylglycerols or TAG

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12
Q

Satured FA’s have how many double bonds?

A

0

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13
Q

How is most fat stored in the body?

A

as TAG

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14
Q

Monoacylglyceride has how many LCFA’s? (long chain fatty acids)

A

just one

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15
Q

Diacylglycerol has how many LCFA’s?

A

two

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16
Q

Triacylglycerol has how many LCFA’s?

A

three

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17
Q

Short chain or unsaturated fat is what at room temp?

A

liquid

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18
Q

Long chain or saturated fat is what at room temp?

A

solid

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19
Q

What accounts for 95% of dietary fat?

A

TAG

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20
Q

What type of enzyme is used to break down lipids?

A

esterases

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21
Q

Where does the breakdown of lipids occur?

A

in the GI tract

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22
Q

What specific bond does an esterase cleave?

A

the ester bond

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23
Q

Lipases break down what?

A

TAG

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24
Q

Phospholipases break down what?

A

phospholipids

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25
Q

Cholesterol esterases break down what?

A

cholesterol esters

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26
Q

Digestion in the mouth starts with what enzyme?

A

linguinal lipase

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27
Q

Digestion in the stomach starts with what?

A

gastric lipases

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28
Q

Where are most TAG’s broken down?

A

in the small intestine

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29
Q

Once TAG’s are broken down somewhat, what takes over next?

A

pancreatic lipases to create DAG, MAG, and FFA

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30
Q

Where are DAG, MAG and FFA transported to?

A

enterocytes

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31
Q

Medium chain FFA can pass directly into where?

A

the portal blood

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32
Q

Once in the portal blood, what can DAG, MAG, and FFA bond to?

A

albumin to be taken to the liver

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33
Q

LCFA’s are added to DAG and MAG to form TAG, what is this then incorporated with?

A

chylomicrons

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34
Q

How can chylomicrons leave enterocytes?

A

through exocytosis and enters the lymph

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35
Q

What else does a chylomicron transport with TAG?

A

a cholesterol

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36
Q

What form does cholesterol take on the surface of a chylomicron?

A

unesterfied free cholesterol

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37
Q

Apolipoproteins are important for?

A

specific receptors on the cell surface

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38
Q

Lipoprotein complexes do what?

A

transport lipids from tissue to tissue

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39
Q

What else is a lipoprotein complex known as?

A

a chylomicron

40
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed again?

A

in the enterocyte

41
Q

How long can chylomicrons last after a meal?

A

up to 14 hours

42
Q

What is the abundant lipid in the diet?

A

TAG

43
Q

What tissue receives 80% of dietary TAG?

A

muscle

44
Q

What extracellular enzyme hydrolyzes TAG’s?

A

lipoprotein lipase

45
Q

What does TAG get broken down to by LPL?

A

FFA and DAG

46
Q

What is LPL produced by?

A

fat and muscle cells

47
Q

Where does the hydrolyzation of TAG occur?

A

in capillary beds

48
Q

In the muscle what happens to the FA?

A

it is oxidized for energy

49
Q

In adipose tissue what happens to FA?

A

FA gets re-esterfied and stores it as TAG’s

50
Q

Exercise can result in an increase in what?

A

skeletal muscle LPL

51
Q

Is skeletal muscle LPL higher in trained individuals compared to none trained?

A

yes

52
Q

What is synthisized in the SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)?

A

lipid

53
Q

Once lipid is made in the SER where is it sent to next?

A

the golgi apparatus

54
Q

What is the lipid excreted with from the golgi apparatus?

A

an apolipoprotein

55
Q

What is removed quicker, chylomicrons or VLDL’s?

A

chylomicrons

56
Q

Where are a vast majority of TAG’s stored?

A

in subcutaneous and visceral apidose tissue

57
Q

What is the storage form of a fat cell?

A

lipid droplets

58
Q

What are steroid synthesizing cells?

A

adrenal cortex, ovary, testes

59
Q

If there is an over abundance of lipids where are triglycerides stored?

A

intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG)

60
Q

What would be the source of fatty acids during exercise?

A

IMTG

61
Q

Which type of muscle fiber stores 2-3 times more IMTG?

A

Type I aerobic muscle fibers

62
Q

Could a single bout of exercise lower the amount of IMTG?

A

yes

63
Q

This population has lower IMTG and moderate insulin sensitivity

A

normal populations

64
Q

This population has elevated oxidative capacity, higher concentrations of IMTG and greater insulin sensitivity

A

athletes

65
Q

This poulation has higher IMTG and low insulin sensitivity

A

obese individuals

66
Q

What forms lipoproteins or VLDL’s?

A

the liver

67
Q

Would would be a couple of examples that serve as precursors for the synthesis of new lipids from non-lipids?

A

glucose and amino acids

68
Q

Where do the remnants of chylomicrons get shipped to?

A

the liver

69
Q

Chylomicron remnants serves what purpose in the liver?

A

they repackage lipids into HDL and VLDL forms,and also provide energy

70
Q

Post meal, describe the fate of the macronutrients

A

glucose, amino acids, and medium chain FA’s enter portal blood

71
Q

Once the macronutrients post meal are in portal blood, where does it go?

A

it is sent directly to the liver

72
Q

Once the macronutrients post meal are in the portal blood of the liver, what happens to gluose?

A

glycogensis takes place and fatty acid synthesis

73
Q

Chylomicrons deliver what two things to adipose tissue?

A

TAG and cholesterol

74
Q

What is the major storage site for TAG again?

A

adipose tissue

75
Q

What is TAG adiposity regulated by?

A

nutrition, metabolic state, and hormonal factors

76
Q

The synthesis of adipocyte FA is stiumalted by?

A

insulin

77
Q

What effect does insulin have on the availability and uptake of FA in adipocytes?

A

its increases it

78
Q

What does insulin strongly inhibit that hydrolyzes stored TAG?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

79
Q

Describe glucose levels during fasting

A

They are diminshed

80
Q

During fasting insulin is _____ and glucagon is _________

A

decreased

increased

81
Q

Free fatty acids are transported in the blood with what?

A

Albumin

82
Q

What does the complete hydrolysis of TAG yield?

A

glycerol and 3 FA’s

83
Q

What gets lipid into a target cell again?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

84
Q

What lipase converts TAG to DAG?

A

adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

85
Q

What lipase converts DAG to MAG?

A

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

86
Q

What lipase converts MAG to FFA?

A

monoacyglycerol lipase (MGL)

87
Q

Intracellular lipase is stimulated by

A

Hormones: epinephrine, glucagon, and adrenocorticotropic hormone

88
Q

Once a hormone attaches to the receptor on a TAG, what phosphorylates TAG to the active form?

A

cAMP and adenyl cyclase, 2nd messengers

89
Q

What does cAMP stimulate?

A

protein kinase A

90
Q

What would PKA stimulate when associated with a TAG?

A

it will stimulate lipolysis

91
Q

Besides lipolysis, what does PKA stimulate in catabolism of TAG?

A

horone sensitive lipase (HSL)

92
Q

On the surface of TAG, what receptor do stimulating hormones attach to?

A

Beta 1

93
Q

What does insulin remove from TAG to deactive HSL?

A

a phosphate group

94
Q

If HSL is inhibited, what other lipase is also inhibited?

A

ATGL

95
Q

Describe the fate of glycerol

A

Transported in the blood to liver

phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate

G-3-P is then converted to DHAP to be used in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

96
Q

What enzyme converts G-3-P to DHAP?

A

G-3-P dehydrogenase

Biochemistry II (12 decks)

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