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Biochemistry II > Unit I ETS > Flashcards

Unit I ETS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in ETS?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

What are the final products of aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2, H2O, and ATP

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3
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport system coupled with the synthesis of ATP

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4
Q

Location of ETS?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

How many complexes are in the ETS?

A

5

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6
Q

Which of the complexes catalyzes ATP synthesis?

A

The last one, ATP synthase

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7
Q

What is the name(s) of complex one?

A

NADH dehydrogenase (NADH-CoQ reductase)

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8
Q

Which molecule in complex one is bound and accepts electrons from NADH?

A

FMN

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9
Q

What does FMN of complex 1 become when it accepts electrons from NADH?

A

FMNH2

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10
Q

What does FMNH2 of NADH dehydrogenase transfer electrons to?

A

ubiquinone (CoQ)

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11
Q

Is complex one a proton pump?

A

yes

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12
Q

What is the name(s) for complex 2?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

Once oxidized, what does succinate give its electrons to?

A

FAD, making FADH2

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14
Q

what does FADH2 from succinate dehydrogenase give its electrons to?

A

an FeS protein and then to ubiquinone (CoQ)

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15
Q

Is complex 2 a proton pump?

A

no

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16
Q

What is another name for ubiquinone?

A

Coenzyne Q (CoQ)

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17
Q

What molecules does CoQ accept electrons from?

A

FMNH2 and FADH2

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18
Q

What brings FADH2 to CoQ?

A

succinate dehydrogenase, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, and Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

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19
Q

When electrons leak out of ETS what is created?

A

superoxide radicals

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20
Q

At what step of ETS can superoxide radicals be created?

A

the CoQ step

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21
Q

What are the cytochrome proteins of ETS?

A

complex 3, cytochrome C, and complex 4

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22
Q

What makes a cytochrome a cytochrome?

A

containing a heme group

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23
Q

Where are electrons pumped out of the inner mitochondrial matrix?

A

complex 3 and 4, and cytochrome C

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24
Q

What defines a heme group?

A

a porphyrin ring with iron

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25
Q

What is another name for complex 3?

A

Cytochrome reductase or cytochrome bc1 complex

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26
Q

Does cytochrome bc1 complex have a proton pump?

A

yes

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27
Q

Where does the electron from complex 3 get moved to?

A

cytochrome c

28
Q

Where does Cytochrome c sends its electron?

A

to cytochrome oxidase

29
Q

what is another name for complex 4?

A

cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase, or cytochrome a + a3

30
Q

What allows cytochrome c to not need a proton pump?

A

its location in the intermembrane space

31
Q

Doess cytochrome c oxidase contain a proton pump?

A

yes

32
Q

Instead of a porphyrin ring, what does complex 4 contain?

A

a bimetalllic center containing copper

33
Q

What happens to oxygen between the two copper ions in Cytochrome oxidase?

A

it is held until completely reduced to water

34
Q

How many electrons are needed reduce an O2 to make 2 molecules of H2O in ETS?

A

4 electrons and 1 O2

35
Q

In what complex of ETS is H20 formed?

A

complex 4

36
Q

What happens with the accumulated protons in ETS?

A

their energy is used to make ATP

37
Q

What else can complex V be called?

A

ATP synthase or ATPase

38
Q

How many ATP are formed from ATPase?

A

about 3

39
Q

What is oligomycin?

A

an antibiotic (or uncoupler)

40
Q

What is oligomycin used for?

A

it closes the proton channel and prevents ATP synthesis

41
Q

What is the location of uncoupling proteins (UCPs)?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

Describe the function of UCPs

A

it forces channels to form allowing protons to enter the matrix, cutting off electrons from complex V, thus stopping ATP synthesis

43
Q

In UCPs how is energy released?

A

it’s released as heat through non-shivering thermogensis

44
Q

List some synthetic uncouplers

A

2,4-dinitrophenol and aspirin

45
Q

For a given redox pair what form will likely lose its electrons with a negative standard reduction potential?

A

the reduced form of the redox pair

46
Q

For a given redox pair what form will likely accept electrons with a positive standard reduction potential?

A

the oxidized form of the redox pair

47
Q

In redox pairs, how do electrons like to flow?

A

from a more negative standard reduction potential to a more positive standard reduction potential

48
Q

From NADH, where do electrons like to flow?

A

to oxygen

49
Q

What unit of measurement is assigned to standard reduction potential?

A

volts

50
Q

What is needed for NADH to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

a shuttle system

51
Q

List then two shuttle systems used in ETS

A

malate aspartate, and glycerophosphate shuttle

52
Q

In the malate aspartate shuttle, describe how NADH gets into the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

NADH is coupled with oxaloacetate to make malate. Malate can freely cross the inner mitochondrial membrane where it can again become oxaloacetate and donate a proton to NAD to become NADH where it is used in ETS

53
Q

What converts oxaloacetate to malate?

A

malate dehydrogenase

54
Q

Once NADH is in the inner mitochondrial membrane as malate what happens?

A

malate is converted back to oxaloacetate

55
Q

What does the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the inner mitochondrial membrane do?

A

it gives a proton back to NAD to make NADH and is used in ETS

56
Q

To get oxaloacetate out of the inner mitochondrial membrane what must happen?

A

it is converted to alpha ketoglutarate and shuttled out.

57
Q

What converts oxaloacetate to alpha-ketoglutarate in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

aminotransferase

58
Q

In the malate aspartate shuttle system, what converts oxaloacetate to glutamate?

A

aminotransferase

59
Q

Once oxaloacetate is converted to glutamate in the malate aspartate shuttle system, what happens to glutamate?

A

glutamate can freely cross into the inner mitochondrial membrane

60
Q

What is used to get glutamate out of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

aminotransferase

61
Q

To get glutamate out of the inner mitochondrial membrane, in the malate aspartate shuttle, what is it converted to?

A

aspartate

62
Q

What enzyme converts Glutamate to aspartate in the malate aspartate shuttle?

A

aminotransferase

63
Q

In the glycerophosphate shuttle system, the reaction of Glycerol-3-Phosphate to DHAP is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

glycerophosphate dehydrogenase

64
Q

What coenzyme couples with glycerophosphate dehydrogenase to donate electrons to ETS?

A

FAD

65
Q

What enzyme is used to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate?

A

glycerophosphate dehydrogenase?

Biochemistry II (12 decks)

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