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Biochemistry II > Unit I Bioenergetics and Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit I Bioenergetics and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

NAD+/NADH is derived from

A

Niacin (B3 vitamin)

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2
Q

FAD+/FADH is derived from

A

riboflavin (B2 Vitamin)

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3
Q

Coenzyme A is derived from

A

pantothenic acid (B5 vitamin)

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4
Q

What kind of bond does Coenzyme A make?

A

a thiester bond

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5
Q

Enzyme that adds a phosphate

A

kinase

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6
Q

Enzyme that removes a phosphate

A

phosphotase

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7
Q

enzyme that rearranges atoms

A

isomerases

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8
Q

enzyme that shifts a group

A

mutase

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9
Q

Enzyme that builds

A

synthase or synthetase

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10
Q

enzyme that oxidizes or reduces

A

dehydrogenase

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11
Q

What common molecules does dehydrogenase work with?

A

coenzymes, FAD, NAD, NADP

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12
Q

What is a metal ion that works with an enzyme?

A

cofactor

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13
Q

What is the loss of electrons?

A

oxidation

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14
Q

What is the gain of electrons?

A

reduction

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15
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

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16
Q

What is breakdown metabolism called?

A

catabolism

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17
Q

What is building metabolism called?

A

anabolism

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18
Q

Does anabolism and catabolism require energy to run?

A

yes

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19
Q

If something captures energy it is

A

exergonic

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20
Q

If something requires energy it is

A

endergonic

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21
Q

Are catabolic pathways usually oxidation or reduction reactions?

A

oxidation

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22
Q

Are anabolic pathways usually oxidation or reduction reactions?

A

reduction

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23
Q

If synthesis is active then breakdown is

A

inhibited

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24
Q

Excess reactant will do what to a pathway

A

stimulate it

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25
Q

Scare reactant will do what to a pathway

A

inhibit it

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26
Q

Excess product will do what to a pathway

A

inhibit it

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27
Q

Scare product will do what to a pathway

A

stimulate it

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28
Q

related to enzyme rate, more reactant =

A

faster enzyme rate

29
Q

related to enzyme rate, more product =

A

slower enzyme rate

30
Q

What are hormones?

A

molecules made in one tissue, sequestered to another, and carries out an effect there

31
Q

Insulin responds to what?

A

high blood sugar

32
Q

Insulin does what to blood glucose

A

lowers it

33
Q

Insulin does what to glucose in fat and muscle?

A

increases it

34
Q

Glucagon responds to what?

A

low blood sugar

35
Q

Glucagon does what to blood glucose levels?

A

raises them

36
Q

What is the role of epinerphrine/norepinephrine?

A

regulate energy metabolism in liver and muscle

37
Q

If a cell has a high energy charge what will it do?

A

build things like fat, glucose, etc

38
Q

If the cell has a low energy charge it will do what?

A

start making ATP

39
Q

1st Law of thermodynamics

A

energy is conserved

40
Q

2nd law of themodynamics

A

universe moves towards disorder

41
Q

Entropy Delta S is the

A

disorder of a system

42
Q

As disorder increases entropy is?

A

a positive number

43
Q

Enthalpy Delta H is the

A

heat content of a reaction

44
Q

the release of heat is

A

exothermic

45
Q

the absorption of heat is

A

endothermic

46
Q

The change in free energy is?

A

Gibbs free energy or Delta G

47
Q

What can be said about negative Delta G, free energy?

A

a loss of energy, the reaction runs, and its exergonic

48
Q

What can be said about positive Delta G, positive free energy?

A

A gain of energy, reaction doesnt run, energy must be added, and its endergonic

49
Q

What does a zero Delta G, no free energy, mean?

A

reaction is at equilibrium

50
Q

A pathway runs as long as what stays negative?

A

the sum of the Delta G’s of the reactions

51
Q

A high energy charge means the cell has?

A

lots of ATP

52
Q

A low energy charge means the cell has?

A

low ATP

53
Q

The breakdown of ATP creates how much energy?

A

7.3 Kcals

54
Q

What 3 things can the energy from ATP be used for?

A

coupling, transportation against a gradient, and mechanical motion

55
Q

What 3 things increase AMP concentration?

A

ATP use, lowered nutrients, and exercise

56
Q

Fatty acid synthesis is inhibited by

A

AMPK

57
Q

Cholesterol synthesis is inhibited by

A

AMPK

58
Q

TAG synthesis in inhibited by

A

AMPK

59
Q

Glycogen synthesis is inhibited by

A

AMPK

60
Q

GLUT4 transporters are stimulated by

A

AMPK

61
Q

Glycogen breakdown is stimulated by

A

AMPK

62
Q

Glycolysis is stimulated by

A

AMPK

63
Q

Fat burning is stimulated by

A

AMPK

64
Q

LPLm activation is stimulated by

A

AMPK

65
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes ATP to cAMP?

A

adenylate cyclase

66
Q

The presence of cAMP stimulates what enzyme?

A

Protein kinase A

67
Q

What other compounds have more free energy than ATP?

A

creatine phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate

68
Q

What is the free energy of PEP?

A

-14.8 Kcal

69
Q

what is the free energy of creatine phosphate?

A

-10.3 Kcal

Biochemistry II (12 decks)

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