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Biochemistry II > Unit I Glycolysis > Flashcards

Unit I Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What does glycolysis mean?

A

carbohydrate breakdown

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2
Q

Is glycolysis anerobic or aerobic?

A

anerobic

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3
Q

How many pyruvates are produced from 1 glucose molecule?

A

2

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4
Q

Besides pyruvate, what other key products are made from glycolysis?

A

ATP and NADH

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5
Q

What is fast glycolysis?

A

pyruvate is converted to lactic acid and alanine

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6
Q

What is slow glycolysis?

A

pyruvate is sent to mitochondria and used in aerobic metabolism instead

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7
Q

Glycolysis yields precursors for which aerobic systems?

A

Krebs and ETS

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8
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

the cytosol

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9
Q

To enter krebs, the product pyruvate from glycolysis, must first become what?

A

first it’s sent to the mitochondria and then converted to acetyl-CoA

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10
Q

What is the fate of glucose in glycolysis?

A

to become ATP or a precursor for aerobic metabolism

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11
Q

What is the prep step in glycolysis?

A

phophorylation glucose

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12
Q

Phosphorylating glucose does what?

A

it traps it in the cell so it cant get out

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13
Q

The product of phosphorylating glucose is what?

A

glucose-6-phosphate

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14
Q

What is the enzyme that helps produce G-6-P?

A

hexokinase

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15
Q

What is coupled with hexokinase in the making of G-6-P?

A

ATP

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16
Q

Is the reaction of glucose to G-6-P endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

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17
Q

Is glucose to G-6-P reversible or irreversible?

A

irreversible

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18
Q

G-6-P to fructose-6-phosphate is catalyzed by which enzyme?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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19
Q

is G-6-P to F-6-P irreversible?

A

yes

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20
Q

F-6-P to Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is catalyzed by which enzyme?

A

phosphofructokinase “PFK”

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21
Q

What is PFK coupled with in the phosphorylation of F-6-P?

A

ATP

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22
Q

Is the phosphorylation of F-6-P a key rate limiting step?

A

yes

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23
Q

What are the rate limiting steps of the first half of glycolysis?

A

glucose to G-6-P and F-6-P to F-1,6-BP

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24
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

to make ATP, pyruvate, and precursors for aerobic metabolism

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25
Q

What are the two products of splitting F-1,6-BP?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

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26
Q

What catalyzes the reaction of F-1,6-BP to DHAP and G-3-P?

A

aldolase

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27
Q

Is F-1,6-BP to DHAP and G-3-P a reversible reaction?

A

yes

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28
Q

DHAP gets converted to what in glycolysis?

A

G-3-P

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29
Q

what reacts with DHAP to make G3P?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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30
Q

Is the isomerization of DHAP a reversible reaction?

A

yes

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31
Q

How many pyruvates does glycolysis make again?

A

2

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32
Q

In the redox reaction of G-3-P what is the product?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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33
Q

What is the enzyme in the redox reaction of G-3-P?

A

G3P-dehydrogenase

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34
Q

What catalyzes the reaction of 1,3-BPG to 3-PG

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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35
Q

What is 3-PG converted to in glycolysis?

A

2-phosphoglycerate

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36
Q

What catalyzes the reaction of 3-PG to 2-PG?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

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37
Q

2-PG is catalyzed to phosphoenolpyruvate by what enzyme?

A

enolase

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38
Q

Is the dehydration of 2-PG a reversible reaction?

A

yes

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39
Q

PPE is catalyzed to pyruvate by what enzyme?

A

pyruvate kinase

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40
Q

What is the third and final irreversible reaction in glycolysis?

A

PPE to pyruvate

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41
Q

How many ATP are yielded in glycolysis?

A

two

42
Q

List the key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase, PFK, and Pyruvate kinase

43
Q

Is hexokinase an isozyme?

A

yes

44
Q

What is an isozyme?

A

different version of the enzyme

45
Q

Hexokinase I-III is for

A

energy production

46
Q

Hexokinase IV is for

A

blood glucose homeostasis

47
Q

What is another name for hexokinase IV?

A

glucokinase

48
Q

Which type(s) of hexokinase have a high affinity for glucose? (low Km)

A

Hexokinase I-III

49
Q

Hexokinase I-III is inhibited by what?

A

by its product G-6-P

50
Q

Where is glucokinase located?

A

in the liver and beta cells of the pancreas

51
Q

Does glucokinase have a high or? low affinity for glucose?

A

low affinity but a high Km

52
Q

What is the purpose of glucokinase having a lower affinity?

A

so that the brain and muscle can capture glucose more easily

53
Q

Is glucokinase inhibited by its product?

A

no it is not

54
Q

What is glucokinase stimulated by in the liver?

A

insulin and fructose

55
Q

What is hexokinase stimulated by in the muscle?

A

glucose

56
Q

When an excess of glucose is present in the liver what does glucokinase do?

A

increases uptake and converts it to fat and glycogen

57
Q

Inhibition of PFK would also cause the inhibition of?

A

hexokinase

58
Q

What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

PFK (F6P to F-1,6-BP)

59
Q

When ATP binds to PFK, what does it do?

A

ATP will decrease PFK’s activity

60
Q

Would a high energy charge inhibit or stimulate PFK?

A

It would inhibit

61
Q

What would have to happen to pH to inhibit PFK?

A

it would have to significantly decrease

62
Q

An intermediate of Krebs that also inhibits PFK

A

citrate

63
Q

What is an allosteric enzyme?

A

an enzyme with many active sites

64
Q

Would waste or end products inhibit or stimulate glycolysis?

A

inhibit

65
Q

What alternate pathways can G6P be used in?

A

glycogen synthesis or pentose phosphate pathway

66
Q

Describe PFK-1

A

catalyzes formation of F-1,6-BP and is used in glycolysis

67
Q

Describe PFK-2

A

catalyzes formation of F-2,6-BP in a different pathway

68
Q

What is the most potent activator of PFK-1?

A

F-2,6-BP

69
Q

What would yield F-2,6-BP?

A

the phosphorylation of F6P by PFK-2

70
Q

What stimulates PFK-2?

A

insulin

71
Q

What does PFK-2 stimulate?

A

glycolysis and PFK in the liver

72
Q

What does PFK-2 inhibit?

A

gluconeogenesis

73
Q

What decreases F-2,6-BP?

A

glucagon

74
Q

What is the enzyme of the third irreversible step in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase

75
Q

what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?

A

alanine or ATP

76
Q

What would stimulate pyruvate kinase (PK)?

A

F-1,6-BP

77
Q

In the liver, phosphorylation of PK would?

A

inactivate liver PK

78
Q

In the liver, what reactivates PK?

A

dephosphorylation

79
Q

PFK is linked to PK through a?

A

feedforward link

80
Q

What are the fates of pyruvate from glycolysis?

A

alanine, lactate,and aerobic metabolism

81
Q

What must happen to pyruvate to become alanine?

A

It must gain an amine group

82
Q

What converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

83
Q

What is lactate dehydrogenase coupled with in the conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

A

NADH

84
Q

What happens when pyruvate accumulates in an exercising muscle?

A

it is converted to lactate

85
Q

What does the presence of lactate do to glycolysis?

A

It speeds it up

86
Q

The increase of NAD from the production of lactate would stimulate or inhibit G3P dehydrogenase?

A

stimulate

87
Q

A large amount of lactate would stimulate or inhibit glycolysis?

A

inhibit

88
Q

A significant drop in pH inhibits or stimulates PFK?

A

inhibits

89
Q

Where is fructose phosphorylated to be used in glycolysis?

A

in the muscle and kidney

90
Q

When fructose is phosphorylated in the muscle and kidney what is produced?

A

F6P

91
Q

What phosphorylates frucotse to F6P in the muscle and kidney?

A

hexokinase

92
Q

What is coupled with hexokinase to convert Fructose to F6P in the muscle and kidney?

A

ATP

93
Q

When would fructose be used in glycolysis over glucose when in the muscle and kidney?

A

when there is a large amount of frutcose

94
Q

Why is glucose used before fructose?

A

because of hexokinase’s affinity for glucose

95
Q

In the liver, what converts fructose to F1P?

A

fructokinase

96
Q

What is coupled with fructokinase in the conversion of fructose to F1P?

A

ATP

97
Q

In the liver, what converts F1P to Glyceraldehyde and DHAP?

A

F-1P-aldolase

98
Q

In the liver, what converts glyceraldehyde to G3P?

A

triose kinase

99
Q

In the liver, what converts DHAP to G3P?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

100
Q

In the liver, what is the key entry point into glycolysis?

A

G3P

101
Q

For galactose entry into glycolysis, what is most important?

A

that it be converted into G6P

Biochemistry II (12 decks)

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