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Science 10 AP > Unit C: Section 3.0 > Flashcards

Unit C: Section 3.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a large structure?

A
  • Division of labour
  • Size
  • Interdependence of cells
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2
Q

How is division of labour an advantage?

A

-Specialized cells perform more efficiently

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3
Q

How is size a disadvantage?

A

-The surface area to volume ratio and the related rate of diffusion restricts the size of unicellular organisms

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4
Q

How is size an advantage?

A
  • In multicellular organisms, internal support structures allow for the efficient exchange of materials
  • These permit the organisms to grow a larger size
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5
Q

How is the interdependence of cells an advantage in multi-cellular organisms?

A

-If one cell dies the organism can still function

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6
Q

How is the interdependence of cells a disadvantage in multi-cellular organisms?

A

If one cell malfunction it could be possible that as it increases the whole organism could suffer

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7
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells performing the same function together

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8
Q

What are organs?

A

Tissues contributing to the same function

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9
Q

What are Systems?

A

A set of organs that perform a function

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10
Q

What are the 2 organ systems of a plant?

A
  • Shoot System

- Root System

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11
Q

What is the shoot system?

A

Every part of the plant above the ground

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12
Q

What is included in the shoot system of a plant?

A 
Stem
Leaves
Buds
Flowers 
Fruits
*Tubers*
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13
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged, underground stem that stores food

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14
Q

What is the root system?

A

Every part of the plant that is underground

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15
Q

What do cells divide for in plants?

A

The growth of new tissue and repair of damaged tissue

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16
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division that allows growth and repair. One cell literally divides into 2

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17
Q

What are meristems?

A

Regions in plants where cell division occurs

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in plants?

A
  • Dermal/Epidermis tissue
  • Ground tissue
  • Vascular tissue
  • Phloem tissue
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19
Q

What is Dermal/Epidermis tissue?

A

-The outer layers of cells that covers all non-woody plants

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20
Q

How many cells thick is the Dermal/Epidermal tissue?

A

1 cell layer thick

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21
Q

What is the Dermal/Epidermal Tissue responsible for?

A

The exchange of matter and gasses in and out of the plant

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22
Q

What is the Epidermis in woody plants?

A

It is replaced by cork and bark during the secondary growth stage and development

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23
Q

What system is the Dermal tissue a part of?

A

The Shoot System

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24
Q

What does the Dermal tissue do in the shoot system?

A
  • Primarily involved in gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
  • Protects plants from disease
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25
Q

What do the cells of the leave secrete?

A

A waxy substance called the cuticle

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26
Q

What does the cuticle do?

A
  • Resists attack from micro-organisms

- Helps to reduce water loss from the plant

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27
Q

What is Dermal tissue in the root system responsible for?

A

Responsible for the uptake of water and mineral salts from the soil

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28
Q

What is the layer of tissue underneath the epidermis called?

A

Ground tissue

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29
Q

Which tissue makes up the majority of the plant?

A

Ground tissue

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30
Q

What does ground tissue do in the stem?

A

It provides strength and support for the plant

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31
Q

What does ground tissue do in the roots?

A

It is involved in food and water storage

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32
Q

What does occurs in ground tissue in leaves?

A

Photosynthesis occurs

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33
Q

How the cells in ground tissue arranged?

A

They are loosely packed together

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34
Q

How does ground tissue help with diffusion?

A

Because they are loosely packed together the large spaces allows gas to diffuse rapidly

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35
Q

What is Vascular tissue responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the transport of materials throughout the plant

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem tissue

Phloem tissue

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37
Q

What does Xylem tissue do?

A

Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves

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38
Q

What are the substances that they Xylem tissue transports used for?

A

Photosynthesis

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39
Q

What does Xylem tissue look like?

A

Thick-walled tubes of varying diameters

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40
Q

What is the thickening of Xylem tube walls the result of?

A

Cellulose and lignin being deposited in the cell wall

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41
Q

How does Xylem tissue come to be?

A
  • As cylindrical cells mature, they fuse together and the walls at each end become perforated
  • As a result, the contents of the cytoplasm break down and the cells die
  • Leaving non-living cell walls attachted to each other
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42
Q

Is the Xylem tissue living?

A

No

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43
Q

What does Phloem tissue do?

A

Transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant cell

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44
Q

What is Phloem formed from?

A

From individual long sieve tube cells

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45
Q

What do sieve tube cells have?

A

Perforated walls through which cytoplasm extends

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46
Q

What is interesting about Sieve tube cells?

A

They remain alive but lose their nuclei

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47
Q

What are Sieve tube cells connected to?

A

Companion cells

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48
Q

What do companion cells do?

A

They direct the other cells cellular activities

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49
Q

What are the sugars transported by for?

A

They are used to provide energy for cellular processes such as protein manufacture

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50
Q

What does cellulose form?

A

Fibrous structures for strength and support and may become associated with the formation of wood

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51
Q

How are the sugars in plants stored?

A

As starch in roots, stems, or leaves

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52
Q

What type of cells are root hairs?

A

Specialized cells

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53
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Hair like projects on cells that are apart of the root system that increase surface area for the absorption of water

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54
Q

What does the lower epidermal surface of leaves produce?

A

Guard cells that form tiny pores called stomata for gas exchange

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55
Q

What is interesting about guard cells?

A

They are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts

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56
Q

Which place has more stomata? The upper epidermis or the lower epidermis?

A

The lower epidermis

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57
Q

Why does the upper epidermis have fewer stomata?

A

So that there is less water loss

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58
Q

What are the 3 main types of tissue?

A

Thermal
Ground
Vascular

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59
Q

What is the green pigment in chloroplasts called?

A

Chlorophyll

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60
Q

Where are cells containing chloroplasts found?

A

In the ground tissue of leaves and sometimes stems

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61
Q

What is the organelle where a plant carries out photosynthesis called?

A

Chloroplasts

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62
Q

Where does carbon dioxide for photosynthesis come from?

A

Air
Water
Soil

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63
Q

What is the word formula for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

64
Q

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

A

Water and Carbon dioxide

65
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

66
Q

What happens in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy

67
Q

Where is the chemical energy from photosynthesis stored?

A

In the molecules of glucose

68
Q

What are not considered to be reactants in photosynthesis?

A

Light and chlorophyll

69
Q

What does cytoplasmic streaming do?

A

Circulates materials and speeds of their distribution within the cell

70
Q

What is the light energy in photosynthesis stored as?

A

Chemical energy within glucose

71
Q

Where does cellular respiration happen?

A

It begins in the cytoplasm but is completed in the mitochondria

72
Q

What is the word formula for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

73
Q

What process of the plant only occurs in the day?

A

Photosynthesis

74
Q

How do Stomata work?

A

They open into air chambers that connect with the cells of the ground tissue

75
Q

How do carbon dioxide and oxygen leave and enter the leaf?

A

Through diffusion from the Stoma

76
Q

Where are the majority of Stoma found?

A

On the underside of a leaf next to epidermal cells

77
Q

What is the order of tissue on plants?

A

Cuticle
Epidermis
Ground

78
Q

What are stomata made of?

A

Guard cells

79
Q

How do guard cells work?

A

They swell up to open the stomata and shrink away to close the stomata

80
Q

How do Stoma a work?

A

Light striking the leaf triggers the guard cells to accumulate potassium ions by active transport and as a result, water enters by osmosis and they swell up

81
Q

What are guard cells function?

A
  • To allow materials in and out when necessary

- Protect leaves from losing too much water

82
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water vapor leaving the leaf

83
Q

Why would a plant have less Stoma?

A

To adapt to living in a hot dry climate with low humidity

84
Q

What tissue is between the upper epidermis and the lower epidermis?

A

Specialized tissue called mesophyll

85
Q

What are the types of mesophyll/ground tissue?

A
  • Palisade tissue cells

- Spongy mesophyll tissue

86
Q

Where are palisade tissue cells found?

A

Just below the upper epidermis

87
Q

What do palisade tissue cells look like?

A

Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed and arranged so that a large number of cells are exposed to the suns rays

88
Q

What are the palisade tissue cells responsible for?

A

They are responsible for photosynthesis, so they have many chloroplasts in them

89
Q

Where are the spongy mesophyll tissue cells found?

A

In between the palisade tissue cells and the epidermis tissue

90
Q

What do the spongy mesophyll tissue cells look like?

A

Loosely packed, irregularly shaped, and less rigid

91
Q

What is the primary function of the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Gas exchange by diffusion throughout the leaf. They will move oxygen towards the stomata and carbon dioxide toward that palisade cells

92
Q

What are leaf veins?

A

The network of vascular tissue running through it

93
Q

What is a vascular bundle?

A

The network of Xylem and Phloem bunched together

94
Q

Where can diffusion of gasses other than the leaf happen in plants?

A

Pores along the wood stems and mature roots of plants called lenticels

95
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

96
Q

Why does water demonstrate Cohesion?

A

Because water is polar. It is slightly positive and slightly negative so it attracts other molecules of water

97
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The attraction of water molecules to other molecules of a substance

98
Q

How is root pressure created?

A
  • Dissolved minerals are present in the cell due to active transport
  • This creates a hypertonic concentration inside the cell
  • The hypertonic solution draws in water by osmosis
  • The water creates positive pressure which forces the fluid up the xylem into the low-pressure leaves
99
Q

What does root pressure do?

A

Root pressure moves water from the roots of the plant to the leaves of the plant

100
Q

What is the maximum root pressure can move water?

A

A maximum of only a few meters

101
Q

What is the overall water movement process affected by?

A

Transpiration

102
Q

Where does transpiration occur?

A

At the stomata

103
Q

How does transpiration affect the plant?

A

As water is lost in the stem and leaves it must be replaced, and so water is drawn from the roots to the pant

104
Q

Why are only certain cells dyed when a plant is placed in colored water?

A

Because water only flows through the xylem cells

105
Q

How do substances have to be to be transported in plants?

A

They have to be dissolved in a film of water

106
Q

What are the differences in pressure caused by in a plant?

A

Osmosis and Transpiration

107
Q

How are minerals absorbed into plants?

A

By the root hairs by active transport

108
Q

How does water enter the roots of a plant?

A

Through osmosis

109
Q

What does the osmosis of water into the xylem tissue create?

A

Root pressure

110
Q

What does root pressure do?

A

It forces water through the cells along the cell wall into the xylem

111
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water through the stomata and lentils

112
Q

What does transpiration create?

A

Tension or Transpiration pull

113
Q

How does Tension or Transpiration pull work?

A

As water molecules evaporate it creates a pull on the other water molecules
-Then combined with the forces of cohesion and adhesion, the pull is enough to draw water up the xylem and into the leaf

114
Q

What happens once the water is drawn up the xylem and into the leaf?

A

The water moves into the ground tissue

115
Q

How does transpiration depend on temperature?

A

-If the temperature is high the rate of evaporation through the stomata will be high and the water movement in the xylem will be rapid

116
Q

How high can water rise per a minute?

A

75 cm

117
Q

What is the remaining water in the leaf used for?

A

It is used to manufacture sugars through photosynthesis and then the sugar is moved into the phloem

118
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

The concentration of solute particles in a solution

119
Q

What effect do changes in tonicity have on a plant?

A

They affect osmosis and the arrangement of structures in plant cells

120
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

The shrinking of the cytoplasm and membrane away from the cell wall due to outflow of water to a hypertonic environment

121
Q

What is the outward effect of plasmolysis?

A

The leaf appears wilted or limp

122
Q

What causes plasmolysis?

A

When water moves out of the cell in a hypertonic environment

123
Q

What happens if a plant in a hypertonic solution is returned to fresh water?

A

The cells draw in more water end the cell is said to become turgid and cannot let any more water flow in

124
Q

Why is turgidity important in plants?

A

It is important because it holds the green parts up toward sunlight

125
Q

What is a critical process for plants?

A

Phloem transport

126
Q

What are some ways phloem can be killed?

A
  • Dehydration

- Excessive heat

127
Q

What does phloem do?

A

It takes the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the place where they will be stores, the sink

128
Q

What is the sink?

A

The place where the products of photosythesis can be stored

129
Q

What do sieve tube cells depend on?

A

Companion cells

130
Q

What tissues are made out of sieve tubes?

A

Phloem

131
Q

What do sieve tube cells depend on companion cells to do?

A

The movement of sugars into and out of sieve tube cells

132
Q

How does the phloem become loaded with sugar molecules?

A

The companion cells use carrier proteins and active transport

133
Q

How are glucose molecules moved into the plant?

A

Pressure Flow Theory

  • When glucose enters the plant water molecules also enter the plant through osmosis
  • The increased pressure inside the cells pushes water and sugar through the phloem to the rest of the plant and up at a sink
134
Q

What are some forms of a sink?

A

Root
Tuber
Fruit

135
Q

How do sugars reach other cells from the sieve tube cells?

A

The actively transported across cell membranes

136
Q

What are the sugar molecules used for?

A

Growth, respiration, and other life processes

137
Q

What happens as water leaves the sieve cells?

A

More water and sugar is pushed in the cells

138
Q

What maintains a constant flow of food down the sieve tube?

A

The pressure differences produced by active transport and osmosis

139
Q

What are stimuli?

A

A change in the environment that results in a reaction from an organism

140
Q

What is phototropism?

A

When plants grow toward the light

141
Q

What type of phototropism do stems exhibit?

A

Positive phototropism

142
Q

What type of Phototropism do roots exhibit?

A

Weak negative phototropism because they grow away from the light

143
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Plant growth in response to gravity

144
Q

What type of gravitropism do stems exhibit?

A

Negative gravitropism because they grow against the force of gravity

145
Q

What type of gravitropism do roots exhibit?

A

Positive gravitropism

146
Q

What is another name for gravitropism?

A

Geotropism

147
Q

What do tropisms do?

A

Ensure survival of a plant

148
Q

Which scientists conducted experiments about phototropism?

A
  • Charles Darwin
  • Peter Boysen-Jensen
  • F.W. Went
149
Q

What plant did the scientists who studied phototropism study?

A

The oat plant

150
Q

What covers developing leaves?

A

An outer sheath

151
Q

How high does the sheath grow in an oat or grass?

A

4-6 cm

152
Q

What happens to a plant if the light only comes in one direction?

A

The sheath will bend towards the light source

153
Q

Which part of the plant is responsible for the detection of stimulus?

A

The tip of the stem

154
Q

What is the photoropic response created by?

A

The elongation of sheath cells

155
Q

What is auxin?

A

The hormone produced in the tip of the plant responsible for the reaction of phototropism

156
Q

How do plants know which way gravity is?

A

Plants rely on starch molecules in specialized cel

Science 10 AP (13 decks)

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