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Science 10 AP > Unit A: Exam > Flashcards

Unit A: Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an orange diamond mean?

A

Warning

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2
Q

What does a red octagon mean?

A

Danger

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3
Q

What does a yellow triangle mean?

A

Caution

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4
Q

What shape are WHMIS symbols in?

A

Circles

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5
Q

What does WHMIS stand for?

A

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

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6
Q

What are MSDS?

A

Sheets that identify the chemical and physical hazards associate with each substance. It also includes the physical properties

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7
Q

What is the most important safety feature in the lab?

A

You

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8
Q

Why does the Canadian government have so many rules and regulations for chemicals?

A

The environment

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9
Q

What do are physical properties?

A

Properties that describe the physical appearance and composition of a substance

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10
Q

What are some examples of physical properties?

A
  • Boiling point
  • Melting point
  • Freezing point
  • Malleability
  • Ductility
  • Color
  • State
  • Solubility
  • Crystal formation
  • Conductivity
  • Magnetism
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11
Q

What is Malleability?

A

The ability to be beaten or rolled into sheets without crumbling

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12
Q

What is Ductility?

A

Ability to be stretched without breaking

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13
Q

What is Solubility?

A

The ability to dissolve

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14
Q

What is Conductivity?

A

Ability to conduct heat or electricity

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15
Q

What is Magnetism?

A

Magnetic attraction between objects

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16
Q

What are Chemical Properties?

A

Properties that describe the reactivity of a substance

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17
Q

What are some examples of chemical properties?

A
  • Ability to burn
  • Flash point
  • Behavior in air
  • Reaction with water
  • Reaction with acids
  • Reaction to heat
  • Reaction to litmus paper
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18
Q

What is Flash Point?

A

Temperature needed to ignite a flame

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19
Q

What are the 2 groups that matter can be classified into?

A

Pure substance and mixtures

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20
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A pure substance is when all the particles that make it up are identical and cannot be broken down

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21
Q

What can be in a pure substance?

A

An element or compound

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22
Q

What is a compound?

A

A chemical combination of two or more elements in a specific ratio

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of pure substances. The proportions and properties vary

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of heterogeneous mixtures?

A
  • Mechanical mixtures
  • Suspensions
  • Colloids
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25
Q

What is the one type of homogenous mixture?

A

Solution

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26
Q

What are the 4 types of mixtures?

A
  • Solutions
  • Mechanical mixtures
  • Suspensions
  • Colloids
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27
Q

What is a mechanical mixture?

A

A mixture where the different parts are visible such as soil

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28
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A type of mixture where the components are in different states such as mud

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29
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A type of mixture where the suspended mixture is in different states but cannot separate out easiliy

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30
Q

What is solution?

A

When the different parts are not visible and the mixture is uniform throughout

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31
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A process that occurs when a substance or substances react to create a different substance or substances

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32
Q

What do chemical reactions always produce?

A

New substances that have completely new properties

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical reactions?

A
  • Involve production of new substance
  • Involve the flow of energy
  • Cause a phase change
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34
Q

What is a phase change?

A

-Formation of a gas or solid

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35
Q

What are the ways of food preservation?

A
  • Freezing
  • Salting
  • Fermentation
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36
Q

What does heating do to food?

A

Temporarily sterilizes it

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37
Q

What is sterilization?

A

Any process that kill micro-organisms

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38
Q

What does freezing to food?

A

Preserves food almost indefinitely

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39
Q

How does freezing preserve food?

A

The low temperature prevents the growth of micro-organisms that cause decay

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40
Q

What salting do to meat and fish?

A

Dries and preserves by drawing the water out and kills bacteria

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41
Q

What caused scurvy?

A

The lack of vitamin C

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42
Q

What did sea captains do to get rid of scurvy?

A

They brought pickled cabbage aka Sauerkraut

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43
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A technique using the bacteria lactobacilli that converts starches and sugars into a chemical called lactic acid

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44
Q

What is Lactic Acid?

A

A preservative that prevents that prevents the growth of bacteria that cause food to rot

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45
Q

How is lactobacilli beneficial to food?

A

Increases digestion and increase vitamin levels

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46
Q

What is smoking?

A

A method of food preservation

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47
Q

How does smoking preserve foods?

A

Introduces anti-oxidants that slow the rotting process

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48
Q

What is metallurgy?

A

The science of producing and using metals

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49
Q

Why was gold used extensively in jewelry?

A

Because it is soft and easy to work with

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50
Q

What was copper originally used for?

A

Weapons and jewelry

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51
Q

What type of copper did the intuit use?

A

Native copper found in pure form in the Coppermite river

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52
Q

What was the problem with copper?

A

When it was hammered it became bitter

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53
Q

What is annealing?

A

Heating of a metal before it is hammered

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54
Q

What solved the copper problem?

A

Annealing and smelting

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55
Q

What is smelting?

A

Separating a metal from other elements in a compound by heating

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56
Q

What is bronze?

A

The product produced when tin and copper are smelted

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57
Q

What is steel?

A

The product produces when Iron and Carbon are mixed

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58
Q

What did Aristotle believe about matter?

A

That it was made from fire, earth, water and air

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59
Q

Who was the first to coin the term atoms?

A

Democratis

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60
Q

What is alchemy?

A

A combination of science and magic

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61
Q

Why was scientific knowledge slow to develop in alchemy?

A

Because they were just finding ways to get rich quickly and did not want to share information

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62
Q

What did Robert Boyle do?

A

Measured relationships between volume and pressure of gasses

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63
Q

Who created the Law of Conservation of Matter?

A

Antoine Lavoisier

64
Q

Who were the 4 scientists who contributed to models of atoms?

A
  • Dalton
  • Thomson
  • Rutherford
  • Bohr
65
Q

Who created the Billiard ball model?

A

John Dalton

66
Q

Describe John Daltons model of the atom

A
  • All elements of a certain element are identical
  • Atoms of different elements have different properties
  • Atoms can combine in fixed rations to form substances
  • Small spheres
67
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

J.J. Thomson

68
Q

How did J.J. Thomson discover the electron?

A
  • He was experimenting with beams of particles in a vacuum.
  • It showed that all the beams were negative
  • He concluded that they all must have something in common causing them to be negative
69
Q

What model of the atom did J.J. Thomson create?

A

The raisin bun model

-He suggested that the sphere was positive and it had negative electrons embedded in it

70
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford believe about atoms?

A

An atom is mainly empty space but each atom has a tiny positively charged core

71
Q

How did Ernest Rutherford come to the conclusion of the nucleus?

A
  • He had a radioactive material that produced positive particles and aimed it at gold foil
  • He thought they would go straight through or be slightly deflected but instead some bounced back
  • He said that sometimes the positive core was so strong it caused the atom to be very deflected
72
Q

Who discovered the nucleus?

A

Rutherford

73
Q

What did Neils Bohr believe?

A

Electrons orbited the nucleus in different levels

74
Q

How did Neils Bohr come to his conclusion?

A

When electrons fall from different energy levels they emit different light

75
Q

What is the Quantum Mechanics Model of atoms?

A

Electrons are thought of as clouds of negative charge that surrounds a nucleus of protons and neutrons

76
Q

What are reactants?

A

The substances that react in a chemical reaction

77
Q

What are products?

A

The new substances produced in a chemical reaction

78
Q

How many elements are there?

A

115

79
Q

What are the 3 classes of the periodic table?

A

Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids

80
Q

What are the physical characteristics of metals?

A
  • Silver or grey
  • Shiny
  • Malleable and ductile
  • Solid
81
Q

Which metal is not solid at room temperature?

A

Mercury

82
Q

What does inert mean?

A

Unreactive

83
Q

Why are non-metals grouped together?

A

For their lack of resemblance to each other

84
Q

What type of variation is there in non-metals?

A

State
Color
Reactivity

85
Q

Which group on the periodic table is the most non-reactive?

A

Noble gasses

86
Q

What are molecules?

A

Groups of non-metallic elements held together by covalent bonds

87
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Elements that have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals

88
Q

What properties does the periodic table organize elements?

A

Chemical

89
Q

Why is hydrogen special?

A

It is a non-metal but acts like a metal in chemical reactions

90
Q

What is a period?

A

Each horizontal row on the periodic table

91
Q

What is a group or family?

A

Each vertical column on the periodic table

92
Q

What are chemical families?

A

Groups of elements that have similar chemical and physical properties

93
Q

What is the very first group in the periodic table called?

A

Alkali metals

94
Q

What is the group to the left of the noble gases?

A

Halogens

95
Q

Which two groups in the periodic table react to form salts?

A

Halogens and alkali metals

96
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of the element that still has the properties of the elements

97
Q

What are the 3 kinds of subatomic particles?

A

Electrons
Protons
Neutron

98
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles

99
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged particles

100
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Neutral particles

101
Q

What adds most weight in an atom?

A

Protons

102
Q

What is an energy level?

A

A region of space near the nucleus that may be empty or contain electrons

103
Q

How many electrons can each energy level hold?

A

2, 8, 8

104
Q

What does the atomic number indicate?

A

The number or protons on an atom

105
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons

106
Q

What is Deuterium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen that contains 1 proton and neutron

107
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

108
Q

What will the element of an isotope look like?

A

Mass Number
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

109
Q

What is the atomic molar mass?

A

The average mass of an elements isotopes

110
Q

What is ionization?

A

The process of gaining or losing an electron

111
Q

What is an ion?

A

An electrically charged atom

112
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions

113
Q

How is a cation formed?

A

An atom loses an electron and represents with a +

114
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged ions

115
Q

How do anions form?

A

When atoms gain electrons and represents a -

116
Q

Why do atoms gain or lose electrons?

A

So they have the same number of electrons of a noble gas

117
Q

Why are noble gasses so stable?

A

They have filled outer energy levels

118
Q

What are electrons in the outermost energy level called?

A

Valence electrons

119
Q

What is the valence number?

A

The number of electrons an element can gain or lose to combine with other elements

120
Q

What does the octet rule state?

A

Atoms bond in such a way as to have 8 electrons in their valence energy level

121
Q

What is a crystal lattice?

A

What forms when an ionic compound forms

122
Q

What state are the physical properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • Solid
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conductive
  • Retention of crystal shape
123
Q

What are multivalent elements?

A

Elements with more than 1 stable element

124
Q

What is the chemical formula for methane?

A

CH4

125
Q

What are the physical properties of molecular compounds?

A
  • Any state
  • Poor conductors
  • Low boiling and melting points
126
Q

How do atoms of molecules bond?

A

Using covalent bonds

127
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When atoms share electrons so that they exist in both elements at the same time

128
Q

What are molecular elements?

A

Molecules made of only type of element

129
Q

What are prefixes for numbers 1-10

A 
Mono
Di
Tri
Tetra
Penta
Hexa
Hepta
Octa
Ennea
Deca
130
Q

How can you recognize an ionic compound?

A

They will always have a positive and negative ion

131
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Each water molecule is slightly positive and slightly negative so they attract each other

132
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Any solution that conducts electricity

133
Q

What does the subscript aq mean?

A

Aqueous, dissolved in water

134
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid with a low solubility that forms when 2 solutions are mixed

135
Q

What is special about water?

A

It is polar because it has a positive and negative end so that they attract each other

136
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Because there are fewer molecules of water in the ice because it spreads out

137
Q

What type of acid is in stomachs?

A

Hydrochloric acid

138
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that dissolves to form a solution with a pH lower than 7

139
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that dissolves to form a solution with a pH higher than 7

140
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

Basic

141
Q

What does the enzyme pepsin do?

A

Speeds up the digestion of protein and amino acids

142
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces sodium hydrogen carbonate to deactivate pepsin

143
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that can keep the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of an acid or base

144
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A
  • Sour
  • Not slippery
  • Reactive with metal
145
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A
  • Bitter
  • Slippery
  • Non-reactive with metal
146
Q

What is a universal indicator?

A

A mixture of several different indicators that change color as the acidity changes

147
Q

What is the pH of a neutral substance?

A

7

148
Q

How can you identify an acid by its chemical formula?

A

It will begin with H or end with -COOH and will always be aqueous

149
Q

How can you identify a base by its formula?

A

It will always end in OH

150
Q

What is neutralization?

A

A reaction between acids and bases that produces water and salt

151
Q

What are Chlorofluorocarbons?

A

Chemicals that chlorine that act as catalysts in the upper atmosphere and causes destruction of the earths ozone layer

152
Q

What are the 2 most commonly used hazardous recreational substances?

A

Alcohol and nicotine

153
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A

Cause destruction of the liver, kidneys, and brain cells

154
Q

What is physical dependence or addiction?

A

When the body becomes used to the drug and needs it to function

155
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

When the use of a drug is linked to a certain mood or feelings but when the drug wears off the feeling disappears

156
Q

What is nicotine present in?

A

All tobacco products

157
Q

Why are cigarettes dangerous?

A

Because they contain many chemical like carbon monoxide, tar, formaldehyde, and benzene. It also damages the respiratory or circulatory systems

Science 10 AP (13 decks)

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