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Science 10 AP > Unit A: Section 2.0 > Flashcards

Unit A: Section 2.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the foundation for everything?

A

Elements

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2
Q

How many elements are in the periodic table?

A

118

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3
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that cannot be broken down

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4
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

90

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5
Q

How many synthetic elements are there?

A

25

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6
Q

What are the 3 groups that all elements can be classified into?

A

Metals
Non-metals
Metalloids

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7
Q

What category do most elements fall into?

A

Metals

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8
Q

Which category has the least elements?

A

Metalloids

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9
Q

What are the 6 common characteristics of metalloids?

A
  • Silver or gray
  • Shiny
  • Good conductors
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Solid at room temperature
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10
Q

How does mercury differ from other metals?

A

It is a liquid at room temperature

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11
Q

What is room temperature?

A

25°

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12
Q

What is an example of a variable characteristic of a metal?

A

-How strongly metals react with other substances.

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13
Q

Which metals are highly reactive with air and water?

A

Sodium

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14
Q

What are some examples of inert metals?

A

Gold and platinum

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15
Q

What does inert mean?

A

Unreactive

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16
Q

How many elements are non-metals?

A

17

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17
Q

Why are non-metals grouped together?

A

Because of their lack of resemblance to metal instead of their similarities

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18
Q

What are about half of the non-metals grouped in?

A

A group called molecules

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19
Q

What type of variation is there in non-metals?

A
  • Color

- State

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20
Q

What non-metal can etch glass?

A

Flourine

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21
Q

Which group on the periodic table is unreactive?

A

Noble gases

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22
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Elements that have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals

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23
Q

What properties does the periodic table organize elements by?

A

Chemical properties

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24
Q

Which side of the periodic table are the metals located on?

A

The left

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25
Q

Which side of the periodic table are the non-metals located?

A

The right

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26
Q

Where are the metalloids on the periodic table located?

A

In between the metals and non-metals

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27
Q

Why is hydrogen an exception?

A

It is a non-metal but behaves like metal in chemical reactions

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28
Q

How does an element get its symbol?

A

Its often an abbreviation derived from the elements name

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29
Q

What is a Period?

A

Each horizontal row

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30
Q

What is a Group or family?

A

Each vertical coulumn

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31
Q

What are Chemical families?

A

Groups of elements that have similar chemical and physical properties

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32
Q

What is the first group of the periodic table called?

A

Alkali metals

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of alkali metals?

A
  • Soft
  • Shiny
  • Silver
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34
Q

What are alkali metals very reactive with?

A

Water

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35
Q

What do alkali metal compounds tend to look like?

A

White solids

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36
Q

What are chemical compounds?

A

A combination of 2 or more elements combined in a specific ratio

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37
Q

What is the second group of the periodic table?

A

Alkaline-earth metal

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38
Q

What are the physical characteristics of alkaline earth metals?

A
  • Shiny
  • Silver
  • Kind of soft
  • Not very soluble
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39
Q

What is the most non-reactive group of elements called?

A

Noble gases

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40
Q

Where are the noble gases located on the periodic table?

A

The very last group

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41
Q

What are some characteristics of noble gases?

A
  • Non-reactive
  • Not dense
  • Non-flammable
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42
Q

Why are noble gases unable to combust?

A

They are not dense enough

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43
Q

What group is to the left of noble gases?

A

Halogens

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44
Q

What are the characteristics of noble gases?

A
  • Poisonous

- Reactive with alkali metals

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45
Q

What are the 3 kinds of subatomic particles?

A
  • Electrons
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
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46
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Neutral particles that add mass

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47
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles

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48
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged particles

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49
Q

Where are the protons and neutrons located?

A

The nucleus

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50
Q

What are energy levels of an atom?

A

A region of space near the nucleus that may be empty or contain electrons

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51
Q

How do you know the strength of electrons?

A
  • Electrons further away from the nucleus have more energy

- Electrons closest to the nucleus have less energy

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52
Q

Why are electrons closest to the nucleus held tightly?

A

Because they are closest to protons

53
Q

What is the organization of the levels of atoms?

A

2, 8, 8

54
Q

How do elements bond with electrons?

A

Partly filled energy levels from 2 different atoms can overlap and electrons can exist in both of them at once

55
Q

What does the atomic number tell you?

A

The number of protons an element has

56
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons

57
Q

What is heavy hydrogen?

A

An isotope of hydrogen that contains 1 neutron

58
Q

What does the mass number tell you?

A

The amount of protons and neutrons in an atom

59
Q

How can the atomic symbol of an element be represented without being in the periodic table

A
  • Mass number
  • Element symbol
  • Atomic number
60
Q

What is the atomic molar mass?

A

The average mass of the isotopes of an element

61
Q

What is ionization?

A

When elements gain or lose electrons

62
Q

What is an ion?

A

An unbalanced or electrically charged electron

63
Q

What does ionization create?

A

Metals and non-metals forming compounds

64
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged atoms that form when atoms lose electrons represented by 1+

65
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged atoms that form when atoms gain electrons represented by -1

66
Q

Why do atoms gain and lose electrons?

A

So they can become stable like noble gasses

67
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The electrons in the outer layer of an atom

68
Q

What does valence mean?

A

The tendency to gain or lose electrons

69
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

When atoms bond in such a way that they are able to have 8 electrons in their outer layer

70
Q

Who is responsible for naming ionic compounds?

A

IUPAC the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

71
Q

How do ionic compound form?

A

When electrons transfer from one atom to another

72
Q

What physically forms when 2 kinds of ions group together?

A

A crystal lattice

73
Q

How do you name ionic compounds?

A

1) Name the cation
2) Name the anion and change the ending to ide
3) Balance the charges

74
Q

What are multivalent ions?

A

Elements with more than 1 stable ion

75
Q

How do you know what the charge is with multivalent electrons?

A

They use Roman numerals in the name

76
Q

What are polyatomic ions?

A

Several non-metallic atoms joined together

77
Q

What are the most common suffixes for polyatomic ions?

A

-ate and -ite

78
Q

What is a molecule?

A

When 2 or more non-metallic atoms bond together

79
Q

What state can molecular compounds exist in?

A

Solid, liquid, or gas

80
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

When atoms share electrons

81
Q

What is a molecular element?

A

When atoms form molecules made up of only one atom such as N2

82
Q

What does diatomic mean?

A

Only composed of 2 atoms

83
Q

what are the number 1-10

A 
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
84
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Retention of Crystal Shape
  • High solubility
  • High conductivity
85
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid with a low solubility that forms solutions

86
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Any solution that can conduct electricity

87
Q

What are the properties of molecular compounds?

A
  • Low melting and boiling points
  • Weak
  • Not conductive
88
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Each molecule has a positive and negative end

89
Q

What is an example of a product that is safe until thrown away?

A

Batteries that contain mercury

90
Q

What are chlorofluorocarbons?

A

Non-toxic flammable chemicals used mainly in cooling systems

91
Q

What is the problem with chlorofluorocarbons?

A

They are catalysts in the upper atmosphere and cause destruction of the earth’s ozone layer

92
Q

What are the 2 most common recreational substances?

A

Alcohol and Nicotine

93
Q

Why is alcohol considered to be a drug?

A

Because of its affects on the body

94
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A

Destruction of liver, kidneys, and brain cells

95
Q

What is physical dependance?

A

Aka addiction. When body becomes used to a drug and needs it to function

96
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

When the use of the drug is linked to certain moods or feelings and when the drug wears off the feeling disappears

97
Q

What is nicotine?

A

A highly addictive chemical present in all tobacco products

98
Q

What makes cigarettes dangerous?

A

-Large amounts of carbon dioxide
-Tar
-Formaldehyde
-Benzene
-

99
Q

What body systems are damaged by smoking?

A

Respiratory and circulatory

100
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that dissolves in water to form a Ph lower than 7

101
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that dissolves in water to form a Ph of greater than 7

102
Q

What Ph is saliva?

A

It is highly basic so that your teeth won’t dissolve

103
Q

What type of acid does the stomach make?

A

Hydrochloric acid strong enough to burn

104
Q

What does the hydrochloric acid in your stomach do?

A
  • Dissolves food

- Turns on an enzyme called pepsin

105
Q

What does pepsin do in your stomach?

A

Speeds up digestion of protein into amino acids

106
Q

What would happen if pepsin was not deactivated before reaching the intestines?

A

It would digest the digestive tract

107
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate

108
Q

What does the sodium hydrogen carbonate do in the body?

A

It neutralizes the stomach acid and the pepsin

109
Q

What does the sodium hydrogencarbonate do after neutralizing the stomach acid?

A

It goes into the bloodstream making it slightly basic

110
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that can keep the pH of a substance nearly constant despite the addition of a small amount of an acid or base

111
Q

What do acidic solutions taste like?

A

Sour

112
Q

What do basic solutions taste like?

A

Bitter

113
Q

What do basic solutions feel like?

A

Slippery

114
Q

What do acidic solutions feel like?

A

Not slipper that’s for sure

115
Q

What is a way to detect whether a substance is an acid or base?

A

Using a piece of metal. Acids try to dissolve metal while bases don’t do anything

116
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A
  • Sour
  • Not slippery
  • Corrodes metal
  • Red litmus
  • Conductive
  • < 7
117
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A
  • Bitter
  • Slippery
  • No reaction to metals
  • Blue litmus
  • Conductive
  • > 7
118
Q

What are acid-base indicators?

A

Chemicals that are used to tell if solutions are acidic or basic

119
Q

What is litmus?

A

A paper that changes color depending on acidity

120
Q

What do the colors of litmus paper represent?

A 
Red = Acid
Blue = Base
121
Q

What is a universal indicator?

A

A mixture of several indicators that change color at a specific acidity

122
Q

What is the acidity of stomach acid?

A

1.5

123
Q

What is the acidity vinegar?`

A

3

124
Q

Every increase of what on the pH scale means what?

A

An increase of 10

125
Q

How can you identify an acid in a chemical formula containing hydrogen?

A
  • If the H appears on the left

- If COOH appears on the right

126
Q

Why do most acids have aqueous at the end?

A

Because IUPAC reccomends it

127
Q

What is a popular naming system for acids containing hydrogen?

A

If it has one metal they start it with hydro- and it with -ic
eg. Hydro-chlor-ic

128
Q

How can you recognize a basic solution from its chemical formula?

A
  • An OH combined with a metal is usually Basic

- And high solubility

129
Q

What is neutralization?

A

When acids and bases mix together and they lose all their acidic and basic compounds

Science 10 AP (13 decks)

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