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Science 10 AP > Unit C: Section 1.0 > Flashcards

Unit C: Section 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Who invented the microscope?

A

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

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2
Q

What was the first compound microscope comprised of?

A

Used 2 lenses, an eyepiece and an objective lens

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3
Q

What is a compound microscope?

A

Using more than one lens to magnify an object

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4
Q

What was the magnifying power of the Janssens microscope?

A

20X

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5
Q

Who created the second microscope ever?

A

Robert Hooke

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6
Q

What was different between the Janssens and Hooke microscope?

A

The Hooke microscope used 3 lenses and the Janssens microscope used 2 lenses

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7
Q

Describe how the Hooke microscope worked

A

Used three lenses. Illuminated by a beam of light concentrated on a specimen by passing the light through a water-filled flask

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8
Q

What was the added lense in the Hooke microscope?

A

A “field lens” that passes light rays in a straight. Allowed for better conservation of light

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9
Q

What did Robert Hooke publish?

A

A micrographia containing 38 illustrations of plant, animal, and non-living objects that he viewed through a microscope

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10
Q

What were the unusual properties of cork?

A
  • Lightweight
  • Could float on water
  • Firm,
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11
Q

What were the air pockets in corks referred to as?

A

Cells because they resembled the places that monks lived in

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12
Q

What did the cork consist of?

A

Air pockets surrounded by a thin mesh of fibre. They were actually remnants of living cells

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13
Q

Who created the single lens microscope?

A

Antonio van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

What did the single lens microscope resemble?

A

A magnifying glass

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15
Q

What did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek see under his microscope?

A

Movement of single cells known as bacteria, sperm, and single cell protoza’s

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16
Q

How were the single cells observed by Leeuwenhoek described as?

A

Animalcules. Individual Free living cells surviving as independant systems

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17
Q

What were the sizes of Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes?

A

Small, about the size of a palm and held directly to the eye

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18
Q

What was the magnification of Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes?

A

250X

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19
Q

Why did Leeuwenhoek have lots of success?

A

They produced clear images without a halo light

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20
Q

What caused the blurry images within a microscope?

A

-Result of light being scattered as it passed through the different lenses

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21
Q

What did achromatic lenses do?

A
  • Controlled the halo of light

- Improve detail

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22
Q

What are the parts of the microscope?

A
  • Eyepiece/ocular lens
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment know
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Objective lenses
  • Stage
  • Stage clips
  • Diaphragm
  • Lamp or mirror
  • Arm
  • Base
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23
Q

What was the function of the eyepiece?

A

To look through or observe specimen

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24
Q

What was the function of the Coarse adjustment knob?

A

To move stage up or down

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25
What was the function of the Fine adjustment knob?
To bring the object into a sharper focus and produce a clear sharp image
26
What was the function of the Revolving nosepiece?
To change magnification lens
27
What is the function of the objective lens?
To increase magnification
28
What was the function of the Stage?
To hold/support specimen
29
What was the function of the Stage Clips?
To hold slide in place
30
What was the function of the Diaphragm?
Adjust diameter of the opening
31
What was the function of the Lamp or Mirror?
To direct light towards a specimen
32
What was the function of the arm and base?
To provide support when holding
33
What is Spontaneous generation?
The idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter
34
How did they believe that you could make mice?
By combing wheat and sweaty underwear for 21 days
35
How did Francesco Redi attempt to disprove spontaneous generation?
He exposed meat in varied conditions. Only the meat that was fully exposed did the flys lay maggots on
36
How did John Needham try and prove that Spontaneous Generation existed?
He boiled chicken broth put it in a flask and sealed it. Because he boiled he believed that all the microorganisms were dead but the broth still went bad.
37
What did Needham suggest?
There was a life force that produced spontaneous generation
38
What was stated against Needham's observations?
That his broth wasn't sealed off and that there is bacteria in the air
39
How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
He boiled broth and put it in an 's' shaped flask so that air could reach it but the bacteria got caught in the bend of the 's'
40
Who discovered the nucleus?
Robert Brown
41
What was the nucleus described as?
Opaque granular spots within the cell
42
What did M.J Schleiden state about the nucleus?
It was the structure responsible for the development of the cell
43
What did the cell theory state?
- All living things are made up of one or more cells - All living functions take place in the cell, making them the smallest unit of life - All cells are produced from preexisting cells through the process of cell division
44
What are neither living or non-living cells?
Subcellular cells like viruses and prions
45
What do light microscopes use to magnify cells?
One or more curved lenses and a light source
46
What is the maximum magnification a light microscope can have?
1000-2000X
47
What are the 3 factors that affect what can be seen through a microscope?
- Magnification - Contrast - Resolution
48
What is brightfield?
When light passes directly through cells and all the cells appear colourless
49
What did scientists create to improve the contrast of the cell?
They created stains
50
How did stains work?
Particular stains attached to particular parts of the cell improving the contrast between the structures
51
What is a disadvantage of staining cells?
It kills the cells so it is not possible to see living cells
52
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two structures that are very close together
53
How small can the human eye distinguish objects?
0.1 mm or larger
54
Why is the efficiency of a microscope limited?
Because as light is focused into small diameters it become blurred
55
What is the limit of resolution in a standard light microscope?
0.2 microns
56
Why do some organelles appear lighter or darker in images?
Because they change the speed and direction of light more than others can
57
How do fluorescence Microscopes work?
They use fluorescent substances to attach to molecules in tissue. When subjected to different types of lights they would glow
58
How does a confocal microscope work?
A laser concentrates light onto a specimen. Then the light is concentrated through a confocal pinhole. It reaches an electronic detector that converts light into an image
59
How does a confocal microscope produce a clearer image?
It only allows light that is in focus to pass through the confocal pinhole
60
Which microscope can produce 3D images?
Confocal microscopes
61
Why can a Confocal microscope produce?
Because every image formed is a very thin section of the specimen. Each image is stored in a computer and every image can be combines
62
What is a positive to green fluorescent protein?
It does not kill the cell when it stains it
63
What are the 3 types of electron microscopy?
- Electron Microsope - Transmission Electron Microscope - Scanning Electron Microscope
64
How does an electron microscope work?
Uses a beam of electrons instead of light and is able to produce images in fine detail
65
How is an image formed in an electron microscope?
The image is formed by the absorption or scattering of the electron beam because of electron-dense material that does not let electrons pass through
66
How is focussing done on an electron microscope?
By adjusting of the electromagnets
67
How does a Transmission Electron Microscope work?
Passes electrons through a very thin section of a cell. The electrons that pass through fall on a fluorescent screen
68
What is the magnification and resolution of TEM?
1 500 000X | 2.5 nm
69
How does a Scanning Electron Microscope work?
- Specimens are covered with electron-dense material like gold which reflects electrons - Electrons bouncing off the surface are picked up by the sensor and a three-dimensional image is formed
70
What is the magnification and Resolution of a SEM?
300 000X | 20nm
71
What are micrographs?
Photographs taken by either scanning or transmission electron microscopes
72
What is a drawback of the TEM?
- Difficulty building up a three-dimensional image - All specimens are dead - Must be operated in a vacuum
73
What are the smallest units of measurement in ascending order?
Micrometer/Micron Nanometer Angstrom
74
How many microns or micrometres are in 1 millimetre?
1000
75
How many nanometers are in 1 micrometre/micron 1000
1000
76
What types of microscopes allow scientists to view images of molecules?
The Scanning Tunnelling microscope and the Atomic Force Microscope
77
What type of system are cells?
Open systems because they exchange and matter with their environment
78
How do cells communicate with each other?
- Messenger molecules from cells travel through the bloodstream and attach to receptor molecules on the target cell. - The receptor cells trigger a chain reaction to carry the message into the proper place inside the cell
79
What does X-Ray crystallography do?
Analyzes patterns of molecules to help scientists to understand what molecules look like
80
What is the source of a light microscope vs an electron microscope?
Lamp or laser vs Electron Gun
81
What is the source of a radiation on a light microscope vs an electron microscope?
UV or Visible light vs Electron Beam
82
What is the lense of a light microscope vs an electron microscope?
Curved glass surface vs Electromagnets
83
What is the receiver of a light microscope vs an electron microscope?
Eye or digital image vs Fluorescent screen or digital image
84
What is the focus of a light microscope vs an electron microscope?
Up and down movement of the lenses vs adjustment of the magnetic field

Science 10 AP (13 decks)

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