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Science 10 AP > Unit B: Section 3.0 > Flashcards

Unit B: Section 3.0 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a system?

A

Objects or objects involved in energy transfers

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2
Q

What is an open system?

A

A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings. Eg. Earth

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3
Q

What is a closed system?

A

A system that cannot exchange matter but can exchange energy with its surroundings. Eg. A can of soup

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4
Q

What is an isolated system?

A

One that cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings

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5
Q

What does work involve the movement of?

A

Matter from one location to another

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6
Q

What does heat involve the movement of?

A

Thermal energy from one location to another

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7
Q

What are the 2 ways a system gain energy?

A
  • Heat can be added to the system from surroundings

- Work can be done on a system from its surroundings

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8
Q

What is positive work?

A

Work done on a system by its surroundings, because the energy of the system increases

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9
Q

What are the 2 ways the energy of a system can decrease?

A
  • Heat can flow out of a system from its surroundings

- Work can be done by system on its surroundings

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10
Q

What us negative work?

A

Work done by a system on its surroundings because the energy will decrease

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11
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The total energy, including heat, in a system and its surrounding remains constant

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12
Q

What will an ideal machine do?

A
  • All the input energy is converted into mechanical energy. without any energy loss
  • the amount of the mechanical energy produced by the machine should equal the amount of energy put into the machine
  • Operate indefinitely
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13
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Heat always flows naturally from a hot object to a coll object to a cool object, but never naturally from a cold object to a hot object

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14
Q

What is a heat engine?

A

A device that converts heat into mechanical energy. Only some of the heat can be converted into mechanical energy. The remaining is expelled as exhaust heat.

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15
Q

What are heat pumps?

A

Devices that use mechanical energy to transfer heat

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16
Q

How does a thermo-electric converter fan work?

A

One end of metal is placed in hot water and the other end is placed in cold water. As heat flows through the metal to the colder end the thermal energy is converted into electrical energy which the fan converts into mechanical energy

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17
Q

What are some of the simple machines?

A
  • Lever
  • Pulley
  • Wheel and Axel
  • Screw
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18
Q

What were the original sources of energy for machines?

A

Humans and animals and wind and water

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19
Q

What was the first machine to use “hidden energy”

A

Hero’s Steam engine

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20
Q

What was Hero’s Steam engine?

A

A novelty device that did nothing useful

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21
Q

What was one of the major problems with coal mines?

A

Pumping out water

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22
Q

What were the 2 ways that they pumped water out of coal mines?

A

The Archimedes screw, the Persian wheel and the reciprocating pump

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23
Q

What were the downsides to the Archimedes screw?

A

-The water was too heavy to lift

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24
Q

What was the downside to the reciprocating pump?

A
  • Atmospheric pressure can only push water up to height of 9m
  • It was limited in the height it could raise water
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25
By who and when was the Gunpowder Engine made?
- 1680 | - Christian mathematician and physicist
26
How did the Gunpowder Engine work?
-He used gasses generated by an explosion to drive a piston downwards into a cylinder
27
What were the drawbacks to Gunpowder Engines?
- Hazards of explosions - No powerful internal mechanism to pull the pull the piston back up - Could not operate continuously
28
What were some scientific discoveries connected with a steam engine?
- The power of vacuums | - Water expands its volume 1300 times when heated to form steam
29
Who created the heat/steam engine and when was it created?
- Denis Papin | - 1690
30
How does a Heat/Steam engine work?
- Water is heated so it turns to gas, the gas pushes the piston up - Water is then pumped on the outside to condense the steam
31
What were the drawbacks to Heat/Steam engines?
-Manufactures had difficulty producing big enough drums where water could be heated
32
Who created the Savery engine and when was the Savery engine created?
- Thomas Savery | - 19698
33
How did the Savery engine work?
Used pressurized steam to force water through pipes
34
What were the drawbacks to the Savery engine?
The pump could not lift water higher than 6 meters
35
Who created the Newcomen engine?
Thomas Newcomen 1712
36
How did the Newcomen engine work?
A boiler produced steam that forced a piston up a cylinder. Cold water was then sprayed on the outside to condense the water and move the piston back down. The piston was connected to a rod which pumped water out
37
What were the drawbacks of the Newcomen Engine?
The cycle of heating and cooling the cylinder was inefficient, the engine required tremendous amount of heat to function
38
Who created the Watt engine?
James Watt in 1763
39
Explain the Watt engine
Watt created an engine that used steam but instead of using the same boiler to heat and cool steam a separate boiler was used to condense steam. This made it 3 times more efficient
40
What were the drawbacks to the watt engine?
- Very large - Needed big boilers - Hot, dirty, and very inefficient
41
How did the Internal combustion engine work?
Coal was ignited by an electrical spark. The coal releases energy under pressure. It was done under pressure because it produces more force
42
What were the drawbacks to internal combustion engines?
- Very inefficient and could not produce sufficient force | - Used coal as fuel and coal doesn't burn very hot
43
What is the purpose of a machine?
To convert the initial energy added to it into types of energy needed to get work done
44
What is wasted energy in a machine?
The energy that is not used to get work done
45
What is energy input?
The initial energy source
46
What is useful energy output?
The desired energy needed to do the work
47
What is useful work output?
The work the machine is supposed to do
48
In a lightbulb what is the useful energy and what is the wasted energy?
The useful energy is the light output and the wasted energy is the heat output
49
How do systems with moving parts lose energy?
Through heat due to friction
50
How is some heat always lost in a thermal energy transfer?
To the surrounding
51
What is efficiency?
A measurement of how effectively a machine converts energy input into useful energy output
52
What is the formula for efficiency?
Efficiency = useful work output/total work input
53
What is the most reliable source of energy?
The sun
54
What are the 2 categories for primary energy sources?
Solar and Non-Solar energy sources
55
What are the 5 types of solar energy sources?
- Solar Radiation - Wind Energy - Water Energy - Biomass - Fossil fuels
56
What are solar energy sources?
Energy sources that are derived either directly or indirectly from the energy of the sun
57
What is solar radiation energy?
- The radiant energy emitted from the sun by the hydrogen-hydrogen nuclear fusion - Travels through space as electromagnetic radiation - Captured by plants, solar panels, solar cells, etcetera
58
What is wind energy?
- The result of heating of the earth's surface by the sun - Heating causes currents of air aka wind - The energy in the movements of the air is used to turn turbines
59
What is water energy?
- Results when the surface of water is heated by sun - Cause of the hydrolic cycle - Heating by sun causes evaporation of water into the atmosphere where it condensed into rain. - Falling rain creates kinetic energy which can be used to power other things
60
What is biomass?
- Any form of organic matter | - They store energy from the sun through photosynthesis
61
What are fossil fuels?
- Oil, natural gas, coal | - Fossil fuels were formed by plants and animals years ago
62
What are non-solar energy sources?
Energy sources that have no relationship to the sun
63
What are the types of non-solar energy sources?
- Nuclear-Energy - Geothermal energy - Tidal energy
64
What is Nuclear energy?
-The energy obtained from a conversion of mass to energy in nuclear reactions
65
What is Geothermal energy?
- Energy from the earth's interior | - Geothermal plants use superheated water to turn turbines
66
What is tidal energy?
- The movement of ocean water creating tides | - The kinetic energy can be converted to other forms of energy
67
What are renewable energy sources?
Energy sources that are continually and indefinitely available
68
What are the types of renewable energy sources?
- Solar - Wind - Water - Geothermal - Tidal - Biomass
69
What are non-renewable sources of energy?
Sources of energy that are limited and irreplaceable (Nuclear and Fossil Fuels)
70
What is the most important energy type?
Electrical energy
71
What percent of the energy consumed is electrical?
40%
72
What are the 3 factors increase demand for energy supplies?
- Increasing energy consumed per a person - World population growing exponentially - The use of non-renewable energy sources
73
How do fossil fuels affect the world?
- Emissions create greenhouse gasses | - Greenhouse gasses contribute to climate change and acid rain
74
What would happen if everybody cut their consumption of fossil fuels by 25 percent?
It would extend reserves by 25%
75
What are the largest consumers of energy in industrialized countries?
Bussiness and Industry
76
What is Congregation?
Using the waste energy from one process to power a second process
77
What does sustainable mean?
Any process that will not compromise the survival of living things or future generations while still providing current energy for needs
78
What is sustainable development?
Economic development that meets current needs without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their needs

Science 10 AP (13 decks)

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