Unit C: Section 2.0 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 life processes?
A
- Intake of nutrients
- Movement
- Growth
- Response to Stimuli
- Exchange of Gases
- Waste Removal
- Reproduction
2
Q
What are all the organelles in a cell?
A
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Chloroplasts
- Vacuoles and Vesticles
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Ribosomes
- Lysomes
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
3
Q
What is the cell membrane?
A
- A protective barrier for the cell
- Allows the transport of needed materials into the cell and waste materials out
4
Q
What is the cell membrane important for?
A
- Cell interaction and communication
- Recognition of Molecules
5
Q
What is the nucleus of a cell?
A
-The organelle that contains the DNA, the Genetic material of the cell, and directs all cellular material
6
Q
What is the nucleus surrounded by and what do the surroundings do?
A
It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which has pores to allow the transport of materials
7
Q
What is the Cytoplasm of the cell?
A
-A gel-like substance in the cell membrane
8
Q
What does the Cytoplasm contain?
A
- Contains the nutrients required by the cell to carry out life processes
- Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
9
Q
What is Cytoplasmic streaming?
A
The movement of organelles and molecules within the cell
10
Q
What is the cell wall found in?
A
- Plants
- Bacteria
- Some protists
- And fungi
11
Q
What is the cell wall?
A
A rigid frame around the cell that provides strength and support
12
Q
Where are Chloroplasts found in?
A
They are found in only plants and some protists
13
Q
What is a protist?
A
A single-celled organism with a nucleus
14
Q
What do Chloroplasts contain?
A
They contain Chlorophyll that produces a green colour
15
Q
What are Chloroplasts?
A
-The site of photosynthesis, the process which uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars for the plant’s use and storage
16
Q
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
A
6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2
17
Q
What are Vacuoles and Vesicles?
A
Membrane-bound structures the serve to store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats, depending on tissue type
18
Q
What does the central vacuole store in plant cells?
A
Water
19
Q
What causes a cell to become turgid?
A
In plant cells, when fluids enter, the central vacuole swells
20
Q
What do vesicles do?
A
Transport substances throughout the cell
21
Q
What does turgid mean?
A
Firm
22
Q
Which organelles are not found animal cells?
A
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
23
Q
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
A
A series of interconnected tubes that branch from the the nuclear envelope. Materials can be transported through these tubes
24
Q
What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has Ribosomes attached to it
25
What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum associated with?
Protein synthesis
26
What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum associated with?
Fat and oil production
27
What are Ribosomes?
- Dense looking granules formed of two parts
| - They may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm
28
What happens inside of Ribosomes?
They are the sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins in the process of protein synthesis
29
What are Lysosomes?
Membrane-bound sacs in the cell in which digestion can go on
30
What are the various roles of Lysosomes?
- Defense against invading bacteria
- Destruction of damaged cell organelles
- Controlled digestion of certain tissues during development
31
What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion
32
Where does the Golgi receive substance from and what does it do with them?
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and it packages them for transport out of the cell
33
What is the Mitochondria?
Rod-like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use. The process is called cellular respiration
34
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+O2→CO2+H2O+energy
35
What are the major elements making up the structure of plant and animal cells?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
36
What are the four major organic compounds?
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Nucleic acids
37
What are lipids?
Fats and oils
38
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, and cellulose
39
What is an example of protein?
Muscle fibre
40
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and genetic material
41
What are organic materials made out of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
42
Why is water called a solvent?
- Many substances are dissolved in it
| - Provides the environment for all biological reactions inside and outside cells
43
What are trace elements?
Substances present in tiny amounts that are essential for the health of the cell
44
What are the trace elements?
Magnesium
Zinc
Manganese
Iron
45
What are the similarities between plant and animal cells
- Cell membrane
- A cytoskeleton made of proteins and lipids
- Have DNA made up of sugars, nitrogen bases, and phosphate
46
What is a cytoskeleton?
Network of fine protein fibres that support cells that contain a nucleus
47
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
- Animal cells have centrioles
- Plant cells have cell walls
- Plant cells have chlorophyll
- Animal cells have specialized compounds
- Plants store energy in the form of oil
- Plants have a large central vacuole
48
What are centrioles?
Paired structures found in animal cells that are important for the process of cell division
49
How do plant cells store energy?
In the form of starch or oils
50
What does the cell membrane contain?
A Phospholipid bilayer
51
What is a Phospholipid bilayer?
A double layer of lipids that each have a phosphate group attached.
52
How does a Phospholipid bilayer work?
The phosphates face out into the watery fluids on either side of the membrane while the lipids face toward each other in the inner part of the membrane. Proteins are suspended in it. Some have sugar molecules attached
53
What is the Fluid-mosaic model?
A description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
54
Do animals have cell walls?
No
55
What are the main things that cells transport?
Gases, nutrients and wastes
56
What are the 4 points to the particle model of matter?
1. All matter is made of particles but the particles in different substances may e different in size and composition
2. The particles of matter are constantly moving or vibrating
3. The articles of matter are attracted to one another or are bonded together
4. Particles have spaces between them that are smallest in solids
57
What is diffusion?
The natural movement of particles from areas of high concentration to area of low concentration
58
What is equilibrium?
When particles maintain an overall balance and even distribution.
59
How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
By adding energy and increasing molecular movement
60
What is the rate of diffusion?
The relative movement of a particle in response to concentration gradient
61
What does the concentration gradient determine?
The direction in which water or solutes move
62
What type of transport is diffusion?
Passive transport because no energy is required for it to occur
63
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances along a concentration gradient. The movement does not require ATP
64
What type of membrane is the cell membrane and why?
Selectively permeable because it allows certain particles to pass through it, but not all particles
65
What is the passage of materials through the cell membrane determined by?
- Size of molecules
- Their charge
- And whether they are soluble in lipids
- Or small enough to fit through the pores
66
What is osmosis?
When water molecules move across their concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
67
What type of transport is osmosis?
Passive transport
68
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (outside of the cell) than that in the cell
69
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (outside of the cell) than that in the cell
70
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as that in the cell
71
How does turgor pressure affect a plant?
It supports the plant's structure
72
Where does water go in a hypertonic solution?
Water will move out of the cell because of the high concentration of solute outside of the cell
73
Where does water go in a hypotonic solution?
Water will move into the cell because of the high concentration of the solute in the cell
74
What substances can pass through the lipid bilayer by diffusion?
Only substances that are soluble in lipids
75
What substances use facilitated diffusion?
Substances that are soluble in water but not in lipids
76
What are the 2 ways of facilitated diffusion?
Channel proteins and Carrier proteins
77
How do channel proteins work?
They create pores or channels through which small water-soluble particles are able to move. They move in response to the concentration gradient
78
Why do carrier proteins work?
They have the ability to attach to larger molecules that are not able to diffuse across the membrane.
79
How do carrier proteins work?
They change shape and physically moves the molecule across the membrane
80
Why is it called the facilitated diffusion?
Because the movement is in response to the concentration gradient but needs the presence of a protein facilitator
81
What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport because no added energy is needed for the process to occur
82
What is Active Transport?
The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient
83
What does Active transport require?
Energy
84
Where does the energy for active transport come from?
- From cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
| - The cytoplasm and the mitochondria break down glucose and produce ATP
85
Why would a cell need to use Endocytosis or Exocytosis?
Some molecules are too large to pass through the cell membrane
86
What organelle does a cell use to perform Endocytosis or Exocytosis?
Vesicles, they are similar in structure to vacuole but are usually small and temporary
87
What is Endocytosis?
To take particles or molecules in the cell by the formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane
88
What is Exocytosis?
The release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export molecules from the cell
89
What type of transport are Endocytosis and Exocytosis?
Active Transport
90
What are membrane technologies?
Research and development based on the cell membrane
91
Where are recognition proteins in the cell?
They are embedded within but stick out on the outside
92
What are recognition proteins?
Protein molecules protruding from the cells that allow communication between cells
93
What are recognition proteins for?
They allow cells to recognize one another
94
What are receptor proteins?
Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules can bind
95
What do receptor proteins do?
They bind specifically with certain molecules to bring them into the cell by endocytosis`
96
What do the sugar groups on some receptor proteins do?
They make binding specific and allow and allow the cell to identify a particular bacteria or virus
97
Describe the lock and key scenario discovered to prevent disease
The process would work to block or close off the receptor proteins in human cell membrane
98
What is a negative to current cancer treatments?
They are unable to single out specific cancer cells so sometimes they target healthy cells
99
What are Liposomes?
fluid filled sacs surrounded by the phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane in human cells
100
What are Liposomes used for?
The delivery of drugs to infected body tissue
101
How big are Liposomes?
Microscopic, about 1/1000 the diameter of human hair
102
How do Liposomes work?
- Water trapped on the inside can hold water-soluble medications while the membrane layer is able to hold fat-soluble medications.
- The tiny sacs are introduced into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body
- Liposomes attach to infected cells and deliver the mediation
103
How do Liposomes assist in gene therapy?
- DNA is contained inside the Liposome
| - A molecule on the Liposome surface fits onto certain cancer cells to recognize the target and correct cells
104
What insulin?
A protein that binds to a protein on the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion
105
Where is insulin produced?
In the pancreas
106
How do insulin hormones work?
- It is secreted into the bloodstream and binds with membrane at a distance from the point of secretion
- The complex formed between the hormone and the target cell triggers the target cell to undergo a particular process
107
How is insulin released from the pancreas?
By Exocytosis
108
How does the pancreas detect glucose?
It has specialized channels that detects it in the bloodstream
109
What happens when the pancreas detects glucose in the blood?
-It initiates the excretion of insulin into the blood
110
What does insulin do?
-Binds to the receptor proteins of tissues including, liver, muscle, and fat
111
What does the binding of insulin do?
Stimulates the rate of movement of glucose into the cells through facilitated diffusion using a carrier protein
112
What is the glucose in the body used for?
Used to produce energy or is stored as a future source of energy
113
How is glucose put into the cell?
Facilitated diffusion
114
What are the 2 types of dialysis?
Peritoneal dialysis and Hemodialysis
115
How is kidney failure treated?
With dialysis
116
What principals are dialysis based on?
Diffusion and Osmosis
117
What is the purpose of dialysis?
To rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluids produced by the cells of the body
118
Where do waste products in the body go?
In the peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity
119
How does peritoneal dialysis work?
- A plastic tube is inserted into the abdomen.
| - Sterile dialysate fluid is pumped into the abdominal cavity and removes waste from the peritoneum by diffusion
120
What does dialysate consist of?
A mixture of water, glucose, and certain substance the body needs
121
How does diffusion work in peritoneal dialysis?
The dialysate has no toxin present so the concentration in the blood is higher. The toxin go from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the fluid
122
Where do the toxins come from in peritoneal dialysis?
The intestines are surrounded by a membrane called the peritoneum the waste from the blood is passed into the cells of this fluid
123
How does hemodialysis work?
The blood is removed from the body, cleaned using special machines and returned to dialysis
124
What is the downside to hemodialysis?
The patient must go to a health clinic and must remain stationary
125
What is desalination?
The process of removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking
126
What reverse osmosis?
The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from the are of a high concentration of a solute to a low concentration of a solute
127
How will it affect the transport of substances into the cell if it becomes larger and increases in volume?
- More molecules will have to be transported across the cell surface to take part in the cells function
- The distance any molecule has to travel from the cell surface increases
128
What happens if a cell increases in size?
Its surface area to volume ratio decreases
129
What does a cell need for efficient transport?
The cell must have a large surface area in relation to its volume. The greater surface area to volume ratio the more efficient it will be
130
What happens if the surface area of a cell is very little?
The opportunities for intake of needed material and the expulsion of waste is very limited
131
What does Xylem in plants do?
Delivery of water from the roots to all parts of the plants
132
What does the Phloem in plants do?
Distributes sugars throughout the plants according to conditions
133
What do capillaries do?
Transport blood to bring nutrients and waste
