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grade 9 > Unit A Science > Flashcards

Unit A Science Flashcards

1
Q

5 things you can do to increase biodiversity

A 
Recycle
Leave nature in nature 
Plant a tree
When hiking, stay on the trail
Don’t waste food
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2
Q

What is a species

A

a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another.

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3
Q

all living things are

A 
made of cells
need energy
grow and develop 
can reproduce 
have adaptations that suit them for the environment in which they live
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4
Q

biological diversity

A

refers to all the different types of organisms on earth

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5
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Where there’s lots of biotic and abiotic things and they interact with eachother (diversity between ecosystems)

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6
Q

Community diversity

A

different types of animals/species in a group (diversity within an ecosystem)

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7
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the variety of traits a species has (diversity within species)

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8
Q

community

A

different populations live in the same area, at the same time, in an ecosystem

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9
Q

population

A

members of a species live in the same area at the same time, and use same resources

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10
Q

what did carolus linnaeus create?

A

developed a system for naming organisms and for classifying them in a meaningful way. Grouped species based on their physical structure (created the classification system)

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11
Q

Kings play chess on fine green silk (classification system)

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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12
Q

how does the classification system help us to know how living things are different from or related to each other

A

we’re able to know their characteristics and what their genus/species name is which determines who they are and how they’re related/ different

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13
Q

Explain why preserving biological diversity is important to life on earth

A

without multiple species/organisms, it wrecks the food chain and without food for some animals they could go extinct. and so that all species don’t collapse (go extinct) if there’s not more than 1 species (even more than that)

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14
Q

Interdependence

A

no species can survive by itself, each species is dependent on many species in its environment.

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15
Q

types of interdependence (predator - prey relationship)

A

predators reduce the size of the prey population which prevents the prey from outstripping their food supply (without predators the prey population would decrease more because of starvation). The predators tend to capture the old, sick or weak members of the prey which allows for more reproduction and a healthy offspring

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16
Q

symbiosis

A

an association between members of different species

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17
Q

commensalism (a type of symbiosis)

A

one organism benefit sleep and the other does not but there is no harm (+, =) example: tree frogs use plants as protection

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18
Q

mutualism (a type of symbiosis)

A

both organisms benefit (+, +) a flower and a bee

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19
Q

parasitism (a type of symbiosis)

A

one organism benefits, other is harmed (+,-) mosquitoes and humans

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20
Q

inter species competition e.x

A

interaction between species where neither of them benefit (-,-) two or more species compete for the same resource. e.x between a lion and a leopard

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21
Q

niche

A

describes the role of an organism within the ecosystem. includes:
what it eats
what eats it
it’s habitat
nesting site
it’s effect on the population around it and it’s environment
(the niche occupied by a species may change throughout its lifetime)

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22
Q

resource partitioning e.x (FIX)

A

where two species with different niches use the same resources but in different parts e.x

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23
Q

Pointers for graphing

A

Put up the title
y axis is up, x axis is horizontal (side to side)
The responding/dependent variable goes on the y axis (what is being measured/ observed. This is the effect caused by the manipulated data.)
The manipulated/ independent variable goes on the x axis (what is being changed)
Be sure to label the x and y axis

The controlled variable is things that should stay the same and be constant

When trying to find the degrees, do the percentage divided by 100 then times it by 360. (E.X. 38% divided by 100% x 360 = 137 degrees)

24
Q

Natural selection

A

occurs when the environment selects which individuals will survive long enough to reproduce. Example: cold weather appeared in nebraska, tons of birds died of starvations and it appeared only the bigger birds survived and all the smaller ones died

25
Q

Heritable characteristics, non heritable characteristics

A

passed on from generation to generation –> skin color, hair, eyes.

are acquired –> playing the piano

26
Q

Discrete variation

A

refers to differences in characteristics that have a defined form –> your earlobes are attached or they aren’t

27
Q

continuous variation

A

refers to differences in characteristics that have a range of forms –> the height or weight in something. (so like continuing changing or things that can change)

28
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

where non living and living things interact and a bunch of organisms interact

29
Q

what is an organism

A

an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

30
Q

seeds can mean what

A

sexual reproduction

31
Q

traits influenced by environmental factors

A

hh

32
Q

Fertilization

A

The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete. The product of fertilization is a cell called a zygote.

33
Q

Gametes (what they are, how they work, what they are composed of)

A

a cell that has one role, to join with another gamete during reproduction (sex cells). male gametes are called sperm cells, females are egg cells. A gamete must contain only one copy of each different chromosome and to do this cells must divide twice. (one gamete contains 23 chromosomes). (relies on the union of 2 specialized cells).

34
Q

Zygote

A

the cell created by the joining of the 2 gametes (is the first cell of a new individual and it then divides into 2 cells)

35
Q

Embryo

A

created after the gametes come together and the zygote splits.

36
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Incomplete dominance is when a dominant allele, or form of a gene, does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, and the organism’s resulting physical appearance shows a blending of both alleles. (EX, a red and white rose unite - a pink rose is created)

37
Q

Heterozygous

A

Possessing 2 different forms of a particular gene

38
Q

Homozygous

A

the possession of 2 identical copies of the same genes

39
Q

3 things that reduce biological diversity

A
  • the extinction of some species
  • the decrease in population of other species
  • the degradation of ecosystems
40
Q

Extinction - give an example

A

The disappearance of every individual of a species from an entire planet. Ex. dinosaurs

41
Q

Define Extirpation and give expample

A

Local extinction or disappearance of a species from a particular area. Ex. greater prairie chicken

42
Q

What human activities cause extinction and extripation?

A

Over hunting, habitat destruction, introduction of non-naitive species

43
Q

Natural causes of extinction and extripation?

A

Disease, lack of food, catastrophic events (natural causes) Overspecialization

44
Q

Define artificial selection

A

the process of selecting and breading individuals with desired traits to produce offspring with the desired traits

45
Q

What is biotechnology? Explain the risks

A

the use of living things to make agricultural, industrial or medical products. The risk in animals having too many of the same herds could lead to disease or unsuccessful. In plants, some plants may become resistant to herbicides.

46
Q

What is cloning? and examples

A

Creating an identical copy of entire organism, or of its cells/genes. Ex. taking a cutting from a plant, and growing an identical plant from that. and by removing a cell from a plant that has traits that are wanted.

47
Q

What is artificial reproductive technology?

A

method of joining a male and female gamete.

48
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

sperms are harvested from a bowl with desired characteristics and inserted into many female cows.

49
Q

What is in-vitro fertilization?

A

sperm and eggs from a female and male prized cows are placed in a petri dish and fertilized.

50
Q

What is genetic engineering? Explain how it works

A

refers to any technology that involves altering the DNA of an organism. It works by removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into another.

51
Q

What is in-situ conservation?

A

refers to the maintenance of populations of wild organisms in their ecosystems. Ex national park or duck unlimited

52
Q

What is ex-situ conservation?

A

the maintenance of organisms outside of their ecosystems or natural habitats. Ex endangered species maintained in a zoo

53
Q

What are strategies to conserve biological diversity?

A

Protected areas:-government creates laws to protect habitat, orgs work to provide habitat
Restoration of ecosystems and species: - programs are created, try to reintegrate, close to extinct animals and exotic plants.
Resource use policies
Controlling the spread of exotic species - ultimately depends on the acts of individuals
Conservation of genetic resources: - seed banks, egg banks, and zoos in case something goes extinct and this is done with ex-situ conservation

54
Q

A seed bank is an example of

A

conservation of plant genetic resources

55
Q

Process of gamete union to embryo development (in order)

A

hh

grade 9 (19 decks)

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