Social final exam (long) Flashcards
1
Q
know when canada was established as a country and when charter of rights and freedoms was established and alberta
A
canada established- 1867
when was charter established- 1982
when alberta was established- 1905
2
Q
What are the three levels of government in Canada?
A
local- provincial - federal
3
Q
What does the Constitution of Canada do?
A
they set out important institutions + different roles of government (charter is included in constitution)
4
Q
What is the role of the Governor General?
A
represents the queen and is part of both the executive and legislative branch and huge royal assent to bills passed
5
Q
What is the role of the Executive Branch?
A
they’re responsible for putting laws into action
6
Q
Who makes up the Executive Branch?
A
the Prime minister and the cabinet
7
Q
What three things have to happen before a person can become the Prime Minister?
A
- must be elected as the leader of a party,
- elected as a member of the parliament, and
- must win the most number of seats
8
Q
Who are the Cabinet?
A
the cabinet includes the people with responsibilities for different government departments such as health, finance and environment. the PM decides what portfolios to include in the cabinet
9
Q
How is the Cabinet selected?
A
By the Prime minister
10
Q
What is the role of the Legislative Branch?
A
makes laws + debate on them
11
Q
What are the three parts of the Legislative Branch?
A
house of commons, the senate and the governor general
12
Q
What is the House of Commons?
A
they’re the major law-making body in canada. they make laws and propose laws
13
Q
How are MPs selected?
A
they’re voted in by their riding (by canadians)
14
Q
What do MPs represent?
A
Their constituents
15
Q
How do MPs help determine the government of Canada?
A
the party in power is the party with the most votes.
the candidate with the most votes wins their constituency
16
Q
What is the role of the opposition parties?
A
to create debate, acts as a watch dog and speak for canadians views
17
Q
What is the difference between a Majority government and a Minority government?
A
if a political party wins the majority of seats in the HOC, it always forms government. if the party wins the most seats but not the majority, it usually forms government. to stay in power, they would need to negotiate for 50% or more MPs to vote for government proposals
18
Q
What are the two roles of MPs?
A
being a legislator and being a voice for you constituents
19
Q
What are constituents?
A
someone who lives in a riding and is represented by an MP
20
Q
How is the number of ridings determined in a province?
A
based on population
21
Q
How are senators selected?
A
they’re appointed by the PM, and they give a sober second thought, they can propose laws but they usually only consider bills passed first by the HOC and a bill cannot become a law unless the senate passes it
22
Q
Does the Senate have the right to reject a bill?
A
Yes
23
Q
What is the role of the judicial branch?
A
they interpret and apply laws for making legal judgement, they make sure Canadians rights are respected
24
Q
How are the members on the Supreme Court selected?
A
the executive branch will nominate judge. MPs and PM will select one of the shortlisted
25
What is Royal Assent?
the approval of a bill from the governor general for it to become a law
26
What is bias?
an opinion based on unchallenged assumptions
27
What is a lobbyist?
someone hired by a group to influence MPs and gov officials, they voice the views of groups on issues that affect members or all canadians. they provide different perspectives on many issues.
28
How media connects citizens to government
the media inform citizens about government ideas, actions, and decisions. The media is very powerful and adept at influencing citizens perspectives and beliefs about government or politics. The media may put a “spin” on a certain issue which can influence how the audience will perceive the issue. They're like watchdogs who hold the gov accountable
29
Aboriginal viewpoints on governance
hhh
30
Steps a bill goes through to become a law
IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: the bill is proposed (first
reading), then they study the bill (second reading), then it goes through the committee stage (meetings are held, recommend changes to the bill), the report stage (MPs vote on the recommended changes), third reading. GIVEN TO THE SENATE: first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading, BACK TO HOC: Debate and vote (debate and vote on the recommended changes made by senate), BACK TO SENATE: Debate and vote on the HOC's decisions, ROYAL ASSENT: the bill becomes a law after the governor general gives the bill royal assent (short form: a prosposed bill —> goes through mps/house of commons —> senators —> governor general —> the bill has become law)
31
Three branches of Government, roles, responsibilities, structure
hh
32
Governance
the action or manner of governing.
33
Cause and Effect
Cause and effect is a relationship between events or things, where one is the result of the other or others. This is a combination of action and reaction.
34
Consensus
The definition of consensus is an agreement made by a group. An example of consensus is when Republicans and Democrats agree on language for a bill. An opinion held by all or most.
35
Advocacy groups
They try to solve the underlying reasons for crime and provide education on the justice system. They stand up for the rights of youth and adults. They work with youths and adults who have broken the law to help them return to their communities.
36
Govern
to make decisions as a government and put decisions into action
37
Constitution
A special set of laws that establish a framework of governance.
38
Slogan
a phrase repeatedly used by politicians or marketers
39
Law
Law is a set of rules decided by a particular place or authority meant for the purpose of keeping the peace and security of society.
40
Define fair and equitable
governed by rules that apply to everyone, taking into account individual needs and circumstances
41
What are four rights you are entitled to when you get arrested?
- to remain silent
- to speak to a lawyer, parent or guardian
- to have your parents with you during questioning
- to have a lawyer if you go to court
42
What is the YCJA and when was it passed?
it was passed in 2003, it stands for youth criminal justice act. The Youth Criminal Justice Act is the law that governs Canada’s youth justice system. Some offenders under the YCJA face counselling and community service. Adult sentences are given to youth over 14 and have committed more serious crimes. Protects the privacy of the offender (name cannot be published). Avoids a criminal record.
43
What ages does the YCJA deal with?
12-17
44
What is community service?
help in the community performed as part of a sentence, such as assisting with a community clean-up
45
What is a sentence?
a consequence for a crime
46
What is the minimum age that someone can face an adult sentence?
14
47
What does rehabilitate mean?
to instill positive behaviours and attitudes
48
What does reintegrate mean?
to make part of again
49
How old must a young offender be in order to be tried by a judge and jury?
14
50
How many members serve on a jury?
12
51
How many jurors have to agree before a decision is reached?
all 12
52
Defence
includes the evidence that supports the innocence of a person accused of crime. In a courtroom, the lawyer who represents an accused person presents the defence. The defence can include witnesses, and physical evidence such as DNA samples and objects.
53
Define Prosecution
The prosecution includes the evidence that supports the guilt of an accused person.
54
Define Sequester
To sequester means to remove from contact. Juries are sequestered to ensure they consider only the evidence presented in the courtroom.
55
What are sentencing circles? (elders take part in this)
Traditional aboriginal process where the community takes on the responsibility for resolving the situation. They have experience and knowledge and they act in the best interests of their entire community. They help people who have taken part in a crime to reintegrate into society.
56
what is a youth justice committee
A Youth Justice Committee is a small group made up of community volunteers who work collaboratively with the youth and his or her guardian to determine appropriate sanctions to make amends. (THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN EXTRA JUDICIAL MEASURE)
57
What is the charter of rights and freedoms? What are the two types of rights that are included in the Charter?
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society. Individual rights and rights for groups in society
58
How CCRF reflects Canadian values , past and present
hh
59
How CCRF affects passage/application of law
hh
60
Case Studies- Female Suffrage, Age Discrimination, Pay Equity
hh
61
What are the five Individual Rights in the Charter?
freedom of speech, the right to a fair and public trial, the right to due process, the right to vote freely, and the right to worship freely.
62
What are the two rights that only apply to Canadian citizens?
mobility rights and democratic rights.
63
How did the Indian Act restrict the rights and freedoms of First Nations people?
-Required First Nations people to obtain government permission to wear traditional clothing
-Banned traditional ceremonies, such as the Sundance of the Siksika
-Prevented First Nations from taking political action
Now, the Indian acts purpose is to protect the collective rights of the First Nation people and administer Treaty rights.
64
What does suffrage mean?
The right to vote in political elections.
65
What is prejudice? how can the Charter protect people from prejudice?
pre- judgement. The charter has many laws and rights against prejudice and a big one that goes against it is equality rights and legal rights. it says in there that you are not to judge someone based on their race, gender, age, etc. The person you are judging is innocent until proven guilty.
66
What happened to Ukrainian Canadians in 1914?
More than 8000 people of Ukrainian and German descent were arrested and sent to camps. Because of their identity and because Canada and its allies were at war. This was done under the war measures act. Interned AFTER world war 1
67
Why were Italian-Canadians interned?
Because Italy declared war against Canada. Interned during world war 2
68
What event caused Canadians to be concerned about Japanese-Canadians?
When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. (During world war 2)
69
Fundamental Freedoms
The freedom to express your opinions, The freedom to choose your own religion, The freedom to organize peaceful meetings and demonstrations, The freedom to associate with any person or group.
70
Democratic Rights
The right to vote for members of the House of Commons and of provincial legislatures, The right to vote for a new government at least every five years.
71
Mobility Rights
The right to move anywhere within Canada and to earn a living there, The right to enter, stay in, or leave Canada.
72
Legal Rights
The right to be free of imprisonment, search and seizure without reasons backed by law and evidence, The right to a fair and quick public trial by an impartial court that assumes that you are innocent until proven guilty.
73
Equality Rights
The right to be free of discrimination because of race, national or ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, or mental or physical disability.
74
Official language rights
ensure respect for English and French and ensure equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in federal institutions;
support the development of English and French linguistic minority communities; and
advance the equal status and use of English and French.
ensures french and english services are provided. And, in some cases, language of your choice.
75
What groups of people have collective rights in Canada?
Aboriginal peoples, including First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples; and Francophones and Anglophones.
76
What three groups make up Aboriginal peoples?
First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples
77
What is the Numbered Treaties? Under the numbered treaties, what did the First Nations people agree to share with the Canadian government?
Historic agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Canada. First Nations agreed to share their lands and resources in peace.
78
Describe the difference between the way the First Nations and the Canadian government recorded the Treaties.
(Differing views/perspectives on treaty system)
Canada’s government believes First Nations gave up their land under the Treaties. First Nations saw the treaties as establishing the future basis of relations between their people, and affirmations of their identity.
79
What was the purpose of the Indian Act of 1876?
The act affirmed the collective rights of First Nations and created indian agents for the reserves. The act defines who may be registered as a “status Indian” with Treaty rights. This act was aimed to assimilate FN. The act restricted the right of First Nations people to travel freely, to take political action, to wear traditional dress, and to take part in traditional ceremonies.
80
Who ran reserves?
| Why were residential schools used?
Indian Agents. to provide First Nations with education and to assimilate them at the same time. Residential schools removed children from their families and disrupted their connections to their languages, cultures and identities.
81
What does patriate mean?
to bring to a country something that belongs to the country
82
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?
Primary sources are created by people who actually saw or participated in an event and recorded their reactions to that event immediately after the event occurred. Secondary sources are created by someone not present at the event, or are interpretations of events that already occurred.
83
What is ethnocentrism?
the belief that one’s culture is superior to all other cultures
84
What did Bill 101 do in Quebec?
Set down rules for protecting and promoting the use of the French language in Québec. Commercial signs may use only French and Francophones and immigrants in Québec must attend Francophone schools
85
what is Collective identity and Collective rights
(identity) the shared identity of a group of people, especially because of a common language and culture. (rights) rights guaranteed to specific groups in Canadian society for historical and constitutional reasons.
86
Sovereignty; autonomy
independence as a people, with a right to self-government
87
Law vs. policy
A law describes principles or conditions that must be followed. A policy describes objectives of the government, within the law.
88
Métis Collective identity
hh
89
Collective language rights
Official language community
Official language minority
?
hh
90
What right do you gain when you become a citizen?
the right to vote
91
What does the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act do?
It establishes categories of who can come to Canada from other countries to make permanent homes here.
- Pursue social, cultural and economic benefits for all Canadians.
- Respect the bilingual and multicultural character of Canada.
- Support the development of minority official language communities in Canada.
- Save lives and offer protection to people who are displaced and persecuted.
92
What are the four classes of immigrants?
Economic class- includes skilled workers and business people. They make up 55% of the immigration category
Family class- Includes spouses, partners, children, parents and grandparents of people living in Alberta. They make up 28% of the immigration category
Refugee class- These people have come from their country to another trying to escape from persecution, torture or cruel and unusual punishment. They make up 13% of the immigration category
Other- These people are accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons. They make up 4% of the immigration category
93
What class of immigrants does the point system apply to? What is a criteria used to decide who is accepted as an immigrant to Canada?
Economic immigrants and in some cases family immigrants. The point system
94
In the past, what country’s immigrants were favored?
Canada favoured immigrants of British ancestry
95
What was the Chinese “Head Tax”?
Canada discouraged immigration from China by requiring every Chinese immigrant to pay a fixed fee, known as a head tax. This was one of several laws that restricted immigration from Asia.
96
What is a refugee?
A person who seeks refuge in another country because of danger or persecution in their home country
97
What is the Provincial Nomination Program?
Provinces can “nominate” a percentage of the immigrants Canada selects each year. E.X Alberta can specify that it needs immigrants with particular skills. The program also allows some provinces to set up their own immigration offices in foreign countries. The Provincial Nomination Program increases the likelihood that immigrants will settle in the provinces whose labour needs match their skills.
98
Immigration policy
sets the procedures based on laws
99
How current immigration policy relates to the past
hhh
100
How current immigration policy reflects Canadian values
we aren't discriminating on who comes into our country, we're welcoming to all (we are built on immigration).
101
What have been the three long term results of the Satnam Singh case?
- People claiming refugee status in Canada have the right to a hearing, which they attend in person.
- Canada established the Immigration and Refugee Board to provide quick and fair hearings.
- Canada’s government provides people seeking refugee status with the necessities of life while they wait for a hearing.
102
Settlements patterns of new immigrants
hhh
103
Canada-Quebec Accord
Under the accord, Québec can nominate the percentage of immigrants to Canada that corresponds to its population within Canada. The accord allows Québec to require immigrants who will send their childern to French-language schools. Under the Canada-Québec Accord, Québec seeks immigrants whose first language is French.
104
Labour Force Growth
The growth of the “labour force,” or the number of people who can work
105
Explain how the Charter of Rights protects minority groups.
Guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec and English-speaking minorities in Quebec.
106
What factors influence immigration policies in Canada?
Economics, Politics, security, health, collective rights and individual rights.
107
What does economics mean? Economic system? Economic Continuum?
(economics) the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services (economics is money). (Economic system) the way a society organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. (Economic Continuum)
planned economy——> mixed——> market economy
planned is on the left, market is on the right. planned-> more government involvement
market-> less government involvement
108
What is scarcity?
the idea that land (materials) labour and capital (money) limit the supply of wants and needs ( the idea that resources are limited)
109
What does privately owned mean?
| What does publicly owned mean?
(privately) a part of the economy that is owned and controlled by businesses and individuals (publicly) the part of the economy that is owned and controlled by government and paid for by taxes
110
What is the public good?
what’s best for society as a whole
111
What does “shift left” mean?
| What does “shift right” mean?
(left) (taking a more liberal position) more government involvement in the economy (right) (taking a more conservative position) less government involvement in the economy
112
What is a Crown Corporation?
| What are the reasons the government of Canada creates Crown Corporations?
a company owned by canada’s government to provide products and services to canadians
- to provide essential services
- to promote economic development
- to support canadian culture and identity
113
Define demand
| Define supply
(demand) the wants and needs of customers for products and services. (supply) the products and services created by producers
114
Define competition
In economics, rivalry among producers to sell products to consumers
115
What is a monopoly? Why might monopolies be problematic (bad)
the opposite of competition, its where one producer controls all supply of a product or service
e.i- the Canadian wheat board- markets wheat on behalf of all wheat growers. (problematic) they can charge whatever they want at a high price and it doesn't help the economy because it doesn't allow for growth
116
What is a strike?
a cessation of work by workers. strikes pressure employers to respond to issues that concern workers. (to improve wages and benefits or working conditions. )
117
What are labour unions?
an organization of workers that act to protect worker rights and interests. they fight for better wages and more. they help you succeed in getting what you need. (5 is stronger than 1)
118
What is collective bargaining?
negotiating as a group. the right key established by unions for workers.
119
Factors of production
land- oil, trees, fish
labour- the humans we have that do work- servers to staff, construction, etc.
capital- the money used to make more money or purchase resources - factory, warehouse
120
Basic Economic questions
- what is needed or wanted
- how it will be produced
- who will get it
121
Consumer sovereignty
the theory that consumer preferences determine the production of goods and services
122
Profit Motive
The profit motive is the intent to achieve a monetary gain in a project, transaction, or material endeavour.
123
Equilibrium
in the state of equilibrium, the supply of a product meets the demand for a product at a good price. When there is equilibrium, there is no scarcity.
124
The economic issue of scarcity is addressed is by:
creating an economic system which organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
125
what is a mixed economy and list one positive and one negative
combines private ownership and government control. individuals and government both make and affect decisions
positive- you can go to the government if you need help (you have support)
negative- people have to pay for other people (taxes)
126
what is a free market system and list one positive and one negative
system with little or no government control. lots of individualism in the economy.
positive- freedom to innovate (to do something it your own way)
negative- for some, a lot of unemployment
127
what is a planned economy and list one positive and one negative
gov makes all decisions about everything. everything is controlled and managed. consumers have little influence on economic decision making
positive- no or little scarcity
negative- no freedom
128
what influences decisions about the price of products
the supply and demand, the right cost for consumers, if they have too much supply they’ll want to put it for sale
129
what is quality of life
a measure of personal and collective well being
130
what is capitalism
in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. (market economy)
131
What are social programs and Give examples of what might be considered social programs.
services provided by government and paid for by taxes.
OR
services provided by government to reduce economic
inequalities and promote the well-being of citizens
E.x health care, pensions for senior citizens, income assistance, education, affordable housing, childcare
132
What is public health care?
health care paid for by taxes
133
What is private health care?
health care paid for by individuals
134
What level of government funds health care in Canada?
The federal and provincial governments fund Canada’s health care system.
135
What legislation (law) is involved in health care in Canada?
Canada Health Act
| federal
136
Who qualifies for a pension in Canada?
At age 65, all citizens who have lived in Canada for at least 10 years automatically qualify for a monthly pension, paid for by taxes.
137
Who receives income assistance in Canada?
citizens who are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing and shelter receive assistance, paid for by taxes. The eligibility rules vary from province to province.
138
What health services are not covered under the Canada Health Act?
dental/ oral
139
How do governments pay for services they provide for citizens?
through taxes
140
What is the difference between income tax and sales taxes?
Income tax is based on what you earn: the more money you earn, the more tax you pay.
Sales taxes are based on what you spend on products and services: the more you spend, the more tax you pay
141
How can tax evasion affect programs and services for everyone?
misrepresenting what you earn to avoid paying taxes
(means to avoid paying the taxes you owe.) when taxes aren't being paid, we aren't able to reach a budget to pay for the services for others.
142
What’s a political platform?
describes the official policies of a political party. It reflects a variety of issues, including those linked to social programs and taxation models.
143
Who was Tommy Douglas and what idea did he support?
The "father" of healthcare, he championed the idea of a healthcare system availible to all and paid for by taxes
144
Perspectives on Canadian vs. US health care
| Criticisms of Canadian health Care
hhh
145
Connections between taxation and social programs
Taxes pay for social programs
146
Progressive tax system
A progressive tax is a tax system that increases rates as the taxable income goes up.
147
How tax money is spent (taxation model)
Jobs and income--> individuals --> taxes --> Government --> spread to education, income assistance, and social programs
148
Tax Base
all the economic activity in a society, taxed by government to pay for services
149
Underground economy (the black market)
economic activity based on buying and selling products
| and services illegally
150
Political platforms and taxation/social spending
liberal- spend a lot, tax a lot
conservative- tax less, spend less
NDP-
151
How political spectrum relates to taxation/social spending
Right- taxes less, because less gov involvement
| Left- taxes more, because more gov involvement
152
Identify major political parties in US and Canada, be able to place on political spectrum
Bloc Québécois
(first left by centre)
The Conservative Party
(Between democrat and republic, on right)
The Green Party
(farthest left)
The Liberal Party
(centre, slightly more left)
The NDP
(between bloc and green, on the left)
Democratic Party
(centre, more right tho)
Republican Party
(farthest right)
153
Goods and Services Tax (GST)
In Alberta, the GST is the only tax you have to pay when you buy something. In the other provinces of Canada, you would also pay a provincial sales tax.
154
What is the “Canada Health Act”?
* Publicly administered: run by government for no profit.
* Comprehensive: for care provided by hospitals, physicians and surgeons.
* Universal: available to everyone.
* Portable: available everywhere in Canada, no matter where you make your home in Canada.
* Accessible: available within reasonable time and distance.
155
Do we have to know about how old u have to be to join a political party
hh
156
factors of the point system
hh
157
democracy
hh
158
what is a constituency
hh
