Science Unit B

Question 1

Lab safety (name 5) (fix, do the bottle pointing away thingy)

Answer 1

always wear safety goggles, tie your hair back, wash hands after handling chemicals, report any safety concerns, no jewelry,

Question 2

WHMIS symbols & names

Answer 2

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
exploding bomb - for explosive or reactivity hazards
Flame - fire hazards
flame over circle - oxidizing hazards
Gas cylinder - gas under pressure
Health Hazard - may cause health effects
Corrosion (person washing hands) corrosive damage
! - may cause less serious health effects or damage to ozone layer
Skull and Crossbones - cause death or toxicity

Question 3

What does yellow, orange and red mean?

Answer 3

Yellow triangle - caution
Orange diamond - warning
Red Octagon - danger

Question 4

Matter (what it is

Answer 4

Anything that has a mass and occupies space

Question 5

What are pure substances: elements and

compounds

Answer 5

Pure substance: substance made of only one kind of matter, which has a unique set of properties.
Compound: chemical combination of 2 or more elements. (is a pure substance)
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances (substance made of one atom).

Question 6

mixtures: mechanical mixtures, suspensions, colloids, solutions

Answer 6

suspension - a cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another. (you can see the particles, ex italian dressing or sugar and water)
Colloid - A cloudy mixture where the particles of a suspended substance are so small they cannot be easily separated out of the substance (mixture where you cannot see particles and cannot be separated)(ex whipped cream, milk, jelly)
Mechanical mixture: a mixture with different parts that you can see (2 or more substances) (ex pizza, milk and cereal, soil, sand)
Solution: a type of homogeneous mixture that is made up of two or more substances (ex salt water, rubbing alcohol, and sugar dissolved in water.)

Question 7

Physical vs chemical properties

Answer 7

Physical property - used to identify matter (color and lustre and boiling)
Chemical property - describes how a substance interacts with other substances like acids. The five chemical properties are:
1. Reaction with Acids
2. Ability to Burn
3. Reaction with Water
4. Behaviour in Air
5. Reaction to Heat

Question 8

Physical vs chemical change

Answer 8

Physical Change - when a substance undergoes change and appearance is altered (change of state or dissolved), physical does not create a new substance and is reversibe
Chemical Change - when 2 or more materials react and create new materials,

Question 9

Terms used to describe changes in state

Answer 9

Sublimation: the substance changes from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase.
Condensation : change from gas to liquid
Deposition : gas changing to solid

Question 10

Malleability, ductility, durability

Answer 10

(Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines their ability to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking), ductility (the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture.) and durability (the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.)

Question 11

Democritus

Answer 11

Democritus described that the smallest particles that could not be broken further. stated that each type of material was made up of a different type of atomos.

Question 12

Aristotle

Answer 12

Aristotle, supported a different hypothesis that everything was made of earth, air, fire, and water.

Question 13

alchemists

Answer 13

experiments with matter were carried out by Alchemists. They were trying to turn common metals into gold. Discovered plaster of Paris for use in casts to help bones heal. A group that practiced with metals. (used magic and pseudo science to make gold)

Question 14

Libau

Answer 14

Andreas Libau made important chemical discoveries + first chem textbook

Question 15

Boyle

Answer 15

Robert Boyle experimented with the behaviour of gases. Was convinced that matter was made up of tiny particles+shapes

Question 16

Lavoisier

Answer 16

Lavoisier developed a system for naming chemicals.

Lavoisier is called the “father of modern chemistry.”

Question 17

John Dalton

Answer 17

suggested that matter was made up of elements. Dalton was the first to define an element as a pure substance that contained no other substances. stated that each element is composed of a particle called an atom. he developed a new set of symbols
for elements.
(developed atoms and elements and symbols for elements)

Question 18

Thompson

Answer 18

first person to discover a subatomic particle (a particle smaller than an atom). concluded that the rays were
made up of streams of negatively charged particles. He named them electrons. (“raisin bun model”) Described the atom as a positively charged sphere in which negatively charged electrons were embedded like raisins in a bun.

(created raisin bun model, described atom, matter made up of atoms with negative + postive charged electrons)

Question 19

Hantaro Nagaoka

Answer 19

refined the model of the atom further. In his model, the

atom resembled a miniature solar system

Question 20

Ernest rutherford

Answer 20

predicted that all the high-speed particles would pass straight through the foil without being affected by the gold atoms. Suggested that the atom was mostly empty space with nucleus.

Question 21

Bohr and Bohr model (go look at notes for model)

Answer 21

Bohr said that they move in specific circular orbits, or electron shells

Question 22

James Chadwick

Answer 22

discovered that the nucleus contained positively charged particles called protons, and neutral particles called neutrons.

Question 23

Berzelius

Answer 23

Berzelius suggested using letters rather than pictures to

represent each element. The first letter (capitalized) of an element would become the symbol.

Question 24

Mendeleev

Answer 24

was responsible for organizing the elements into the modern periodic table

Question 25

Arrangement of periodic table

Answer 25

Blue and purple colored elements in this area are metals. Metals are shiny, malleable, and ductile.

Green area are non-metals. Non-metals can be a solid or a gas. Solid nonmetals are dull, brittle elements.

diagonal orange elements called metalloids. Metalloids have both metallic and non-metallic properties.
From left to right , the elements change from metals to nonmetals.
most reactive metals start on the left and move right, the metals generally become less reactive.

Question 26

alkali metals; alkaline earth metals; metalloids; halogens; noble gases; metals and non-metals

Answer 26

alkali metals- Group 1 elements, (not including H), called the alkali metals (most reactive of the metals.)
They react when exposed to air or water. they’re on the very left, first column

alkaline earth metals- They react when exposed to air and water as well, but not as reactive as alkali metals. (they’re the second column on the very left in blue.

halogens- They are the most reactive non-metals. For example, fluorine can etch glass, chlorine is common. (they’re group 17)

Group 18 elements are the noble gases—Very Stable

metalloids- the line splitting purple and green

metals and non-metals- metals are purple to left, non metals are the green

Question 27

Periods vs Groups/Families

Answer 27

group- Each vertical column forms a group, or family, of elements (numbered from 1 to 18). These groups have similar chemical properties.

Period- Each Horizontal Row is called a period. There are 7

Question 28

Protons, Electrons and Neutrons (what are they, charges, where they are found, etc)

Answer 28

Atoms are neutral, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Protons- positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons- negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons- neutral particle in the nucleus of an atom.

The neutron has about the same mass as the proton but carries no electrical charge.

Question 29

Atomic number, atomic mass

Answer 29

Atomic number- shows how many protons are in the nucleus of one atom of the element

Atomic mass- The number below the element’s name is the atomic mass. The atomic mass tells you the total mass of all the protons and neutrons in an atom.

Question 30

Atomic number = number of protons = number of electron 
# of neutrons = atomic mass – number of protons

Answer 30

hh

Question 31

metals are.. non-metals are…

Answer 31

metals- shiny, ductile, malleable and heat conductors.
non-metals- dull, brittle, insulators

(metalloid - silicon, Metal - copper, noble gas- …, halogen-…)

Question 32

How to make steel and bronze

Answer 32

hh

Question 33

Chemical symbols are

Answer 33

used as an international method of representing the elements

Question 34

Ionic compounds

Answer 34

pure substances formed as a result of the attraction between particles of opposite charges, called ions.
Properties:

1) High melting point
2) Good electrical conductivity
3) Distinct crystal shape
4) All ionic compounds are solids at room temperature

When the ionic compound is dissolved in water, the metal and non-metal form an aqueous solution of ions.
An ionic compound is formed from a metal and nonmetal.

Question 35

Polyatomic ions

Answer 35

Some ions can also form when certain atoms of elements combine. These ions are called polyatomic ions.
Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms acting as 1.
For example, one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen form the polyatomic ion called carbonate or CO32–. consists of more than one atom.

Question 36

How an ion becomes charged

Answer 36

an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral atom to give a negative ion. When an ion is formed, the number of protons does not change.
(An ion is formed by adding or eliminating electrons)

Question 37

aqueous solutions

Answer 37

For aqueous solutions (substances dissolved in water),

a subscript in parentheses is added to the formula (aq).

Question 38

Molecular compounds

Answer 38

When non-metals combine, a pure substance called a
molecule or a molecular compound is formed.
Molecular Compounds at room temperature can be :

1) They can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.
2) They tend to be insulators, or poor conductors of electricity.
3) They also have relatively low melting and boiling points because the forces between the molecules are weak

Molecular compound forms when two non-metals combine.

Question 39

Subscripts vs superscripts; states

Answer 39

A superscript ( + ) or a ( – ) are used to indicate the charge. Subscripts tell you the number of atoms of that element.

Question 40

what is a chemical reaction

Answer 40

where 2 or more substances combine to form a new substance. (change not reversible)

Question 41

Reaction types

Answer 41

Simple composition –> O+H²O -> H²O²
Decomposition –> 2H²O -> 2H² + O²
Single replacement–> 2 Na + 2 HCl -> 2 NaCl + H²
Double replacement–> HCl +NaOH -> H²O +NaCl

Question 42

Reactions involving oxygen: combustion, corrosion, cellular respiration (REVIEW MORE EXAMPLES)

Answer 42

Among the most common types of chemical reaction are those involving oxygen
Combustion - a chem reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts with a substance to form a new substance and give off energy. EX: wood lighting wood on a fire. (Combustion is a fast reaction and gives off energy) (remember the triangle of the 3 components - fuel, heat, air.)
Corrosion - the slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen in the air reacts with a metal (rust) (Is a slow change)
Cellular respiration - food reacts with oxygen to produce energy, water and carbon. (takes place in the cells in your body) (In living things)

Question 43

Endothermic vs exothermic reactions

What will happen in a exothermic reaction?

Answer 43

Exothermic - chem reaction that releases heat and energy
Endothermic - chem reaction that absorbs heat energy

Because exothermic involves heat, the temp will increase as the reaction proceeds.

Question 44

Law of conservation of mass

Answer 44

The total mass of the products is always the same as the total mass of the reactants. It states that matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical.

Question 45

Applications of the law of conservation of mass

Answer 45

For example, when wood burns, the mass of the soot, ashes, and gases equals the original mass of the charcoal and the oxygen when it first reacted.

Question 46

Closed system vs Opened system

give example

Answer 46

Open- allows materials or energy to enter + leave

Closed- does not allow material or energy to leave or enter

Question 47

4 factors that affect reaction rate

Answer 47

Catalysts - substances that help a reaction proceed faster (exists in enzymes)
The concentration of reactants- the greater the concentration, the faster the reaction
The temperature of the reactants - the more heat added, the faster the reaction (the particles are moving faster because of more energy added from heat)
The surface area of reactants - the greater the surface are, the more area is available for reaction

Question 48

Enzymes

Answer 48

Something that breaks down things/particles and a type of catalyst.

Question 49

roman numerals

Answer 49

Roman numerals are used in naming ionic compounds when the metal cation forms more than one ion.

Question 50

What is a Formula

Answer 50

identifies the elements in the compound and the

amount of each element.

Question 51

Guyton de Morveau

Answer 51

created a naming system, or nomenclature, for compounds

Question 52

What is table salt made of

Answer 52

Sodium chloride