Science Unit A section 1-2 Flashcards
For a _____ to be healthy, it has to have lots of different kinds of plants and animals
ecosystem
Name 4 types of ecosystems
Savannah’s Grasslands Deserts Rainforests Prairies
All living things depend on
other living things
Name four extinct species
Dodo bird Passenger pigeons Pearly mussels Dinosaurs Spix macaw
the best way to wipe out a species is to
remove them from their natural environment
Largest ecosystem in the world
the sea
% of the world is covered by water
71%
/ of all the species in the world live in the ocean
2/3
5 things you can do to increase biodiversity
Recycle Leave nature in nature Plant a tree When hiking, stay on the trail Don’t waste food
What is a species
a group of organisms that have the same structure and can reproduce with one another.
all living things are
made of cells need energy grow and develop can reproduce have adaptations that suit them for the environment in which they live
biological diversity
refers to all the different types of organisms on earth
Ecosystem diversity
Where there’s lots of biotic and abiotic things and they interact with eachother (diversity between ecosystems)
Community diversity
different types of animals/species in a group (diversity within an ecosystem)
Genetic diversity
the variety of traits a species has (diversity within species)
community
different populations live in the same area, at the same time, in an ecosystem
population
members of a species live in the same area at the same time, and use some resources
what did carolus linnaeus create?
developed a system for naming organisms and for classifying them in a meaningful way. Grouped species based on their physical structure (created the classification system)
Kings play chess on fine green silk (classification system)
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
why do so many types of organisms exist on the earth today
to fill different niches
how does the classification system help us to know how living things are different from or related to each other
we’re able to know their characteristics and what their genus/species name is which determines who they are and how they’re related/ different
Why is there more biological diversity closer to the equator than canada
because of the temperatures, more are adapt to the heat than the cold
Explain why preserving biological diversity is important to life on earth
without multiple species/organisms, it wrecks the food chain and without food for some animals they could go extinct. and so that all species don’t collapse (go extinct) if there’s not more than 1 species (even more than that)
Interdependence
no species can survive by itself, each species is dependent on many species in its environment.
Plants produce and provide what
produce oxygen and provides shelter and cover
types of interdependence (predator - prey relationship)
predators reduce the size of the prey population which prevents the prey from outstripping their food supply (without predators the prey population would decrease more because of starvation). The predators tend to capture the old, sick or weak members of the prey which allows for more reproduction and a healthy offspring
symbiosis
an association between members of different species
commensalism (a type of symbiosis)
one organism benefit sleep and the other does not but there is no harm (+, =) example: tree frogs use plants as protection
mutualism (a type of symbiosis)
both organisms benefit (+, +) a flower and a bee
parasitism (a type of symbiosis)
one organism benefits, other is harmed (+,-) mosquitoes and humans
inter species competition
interaction between species where neither of them benefit (-,-) two or more species compete for the same resource
niche
describes the role of an organism within the ecosystem. includes:
what it eats
what eats it
it’s habitat
nesting site
it’s effect on the population around it and it’s environment
(the niche occupied by a species may change throughout its lifetime)
resource partitioning
where two species with different niches use the same resources but in different parts
Pointers for graphing
Put up the title
y axis is up, x axis is horizontal (side to side)
The responding/dependent variable goes on the y axis (what is being measured/ observed. This is the effect caused by the manipulated data.)
The manipulated/ independent variable goes on the x axis (what is being changed)
Be sure to label the x and y axis
The controlled variable is things that should stay the same and be constant
When trying to find the degrees, do the percentage divided by 100 then times it by 360. (E.X. 38% divided by 100% x 360 = 137 degrees)
variation within a species is called
variability. Also, variability is important if the environment changes
Natural selection
occurs when the environment selects which individuals will survive long enough to reproduce. Example: cold weather appeared in nebraska, tons of birds died of starvations and it appeared only the bigger birds survived and all the smaller ones died
How does variability within a species affect its survival
hhhh
Heritable characteristics
passed on from generation to generation –> skin color, hair, eyes
non heritable characteristics
are acquired –> playing the piano
Discrete variation
refers to differences in characteristics that have a defined form –> your earlobes are attached or they aren’t
continuous variation
refers to differences in characteristics that have a range of forms –> the height or weight in something.
what is an ecosystem
where non living and living things interact and a bunch of organisms interact
what is an organism
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
what classification is homo sapiens?
humans or mammals
Reproduction of a flower (male/female parts)
pollen (contains the male gametes of plant, found on the stamen)
ovules (contains the female gametes of plant, found in the pistil)
pollination (occurs when pollen is transferred from the stigma of the pistil -> fertilization)
Asexual reproduction and advantages and disadvantages
Involves only one parent. All of the offsprings results in the thing being identical to the parent.
Advantages- does not require any specialized cells, can produce quickly and build a large population quickly
Disadvantages - if conditions become unfavourable, the entire population may be wiped out.
sexual reproduction and advantages and disadvantages
Involves 2 individuals. The offspring will have a mix of characteristics (will be unique).
Advantage -provides a lot of variations
disadvantage - it takes a lot of time and energy and can only produce a limited amount of offspring.
process of sexual reproduction
Sperm cell penetrates egg cell -> the joining of the male and female gametes (which produces a zygote) -> cell division of the zygote (cleavage) takes place -> cell division continues -> a multicellular embryo develops
2 benefits of a predator and prey relationship
predators reduce the size of the prey population which prevents the prey from outstripping their food supply (without predators the prey population would decrease more because of starvation). The predators tend to capture the old, sick or weak members of the prey which allows for more reproduction and a healthy offspring
list 3 types of interdependence among living things and provide examples
parasitism- where one organism is harmed and the other benefits (ex between a mosquito and a human)
commensalism - where one organism benefits and other is neutral (organism using tree for protection)
predator- prey relationship - consists of the interactions between two species and their consequent effects on each other. (ex between a fox and a rabbit)
seeds can mean what
sexual reproduction
Binary Fission, Budding, Spore production, Vegetative reproduction (examples of plant asexual reproduction)
Binary Fission: One celled organism split into two
Budding: a small bud or smaller version detaches and becomes a new individual
Spore production: the division of cells of the parent
Vegetative reproduction: no seed: cutting, tubers, bulbs and runners
Gamete
a cell that has one role, to join with another gamete during reproduction (sex cells). male gametes are called sperm cells, females are egg cells.
zygote
the cell created by the joining of the 2 gametes (is the first cell of a new individual and it then divides into 2 cells)
