Unit 9 Quiz 8 Flashcards
Cardi/o
Heart
Atri/o
Atrium an entrance hall
Ventricul/o
Cavity ventricle
Val/o , valvul/o
Valve a resolving door
Angi/o
Vessel
Vas/o, vascul/o
Vessel , duct
Arter/o , arteri/ o
Artery
Arteriol/o
Arteriole
Aort/o
Aorta
Ven/o, ven/i
Vein
Phleb/o
Vein
Apical pulse
Pulse felt or heard over the apex of the heart. It is measured in the
fifth left intercostal space (between the ribs) about 8 to 9 cm from
the midline
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped from the right or left ventricle per
minute
Compliance
The ease with which a structure expands under pressure, as with a
blood vessel expanding to receive blood
Korotkoff sounds
Arterial sounds heard with a stethoscope during determination of
blood pressure with a cuff; Korotkoff sounds are not heart beats
Perfusion
The passage of fluid, such as blood, through an organ or
tissue
Precordium
The anterior region over the heart and the lower part of the thorax;
adjective, precordial (not same as “pericardium”)
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
Valsalva maneuver
Bearing down, as in childbirth or defecation, by attempting
To exhale forcefully with the nose, with the nose and throat
closed; this action has an effect on the cardiovascular system
Aorta
The largest artery. It receives blood from the left ventricle
and branches to all parts of the body (root: aort/o)
Aortic valve
The value at the entrance to the aorta
Apex
The point of a cone-shaped structure (adjective, apical).
The apex of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and is
pointed toward the inferior and left
Artery
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart. All except
the pulmonary and umbilical arteries carry oxygenated
blood (root: arteri/o)
Arteriole
A small vessel that carries blood from the arteries into the
capillaries (root: arteriol/o)
Atrioventricular AV node
A small mass in the lower septum of the right atrium that
passes impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node toward the
ventricles
Atrioventricular valve AV
A valve between the atrium and ventricle on the right and left
sides of the heart. The right AV valve is the tricuspid valve; the
left is the mitral valve
Atrium
An entrance chamber, one of the two upper receiving
chambers of the heart (root atri/o)
AV bundle
A band of fibers that transmits impulses from the
atrioventricular (AV) node to the top of the interventricular
septum. It divides into the right and left bundle branches,
which descend along the two sides of the septum; the bundle
of His
Blood pressure
The force exerted by blood against the wall of a vessel
Bundle branches
Branches of the AV bundle that divide to the right and left
sides of the interventricular septum
Capillary
A microscopic blood vessel through which materials are
exchanged between the blood and the tissues
Cardiovascular system
The part of the circulatory system that consists of the
heart and the blood vessels
Coronary circulation
The blood vessels in the heart that provide oxygen and
nourishment and remove wastes form the myocardium
Depolarization
A change in electrical charge from the resting state in
nerves or muscles
Diastole
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat cycle; adjective,
diastolic
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Study of the electrical activity of the heart as detected
by electrodes (leads) placed on the surface of the body.
Also abbreviated EKG from the German
electrokardiography
Endocardium
The thin membrane that lines the chambers of the
heart and covers the valves
Epicardium
The thin outermost layer of the heart wall
Functional murmur
Any sound produced as the heart functions normally
Heart
The muscular organ with four chambers that contracts
rhythmically to propel blood through vessels to all parts of
the body (root: cardi/o)
Heart rate
The number of times the heart contracts per minute;
recorded as beats per minute (BPM)
Heart sounds
Sounds produced as the heart functions. The two loudest
sounds are produced by alternate closing of the valves and
are designated S1 and S2
Inferior vena cava
The large inferior vein that brings blood back to the right
atrium of the heart from the lower body
Left AV valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle;
the mitral valve or bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle;
the left AV valve or bicuspid valve
Myocardium
The thick middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac
muscle
Pericardium
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
Pulmonary artery
The vessel that carries blood from the right side of the heart
to the lungs
Pulmonary circuit
The system of vessels that carries blood from the right side
of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to
the left side of the heart
Pulmonary veins
The vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left side
of the heart
Pulmonary valve
The valve at the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Pulse
The wave of increased pressure produced in the vessels each
time the ventricles contract
Purkinje fibers
The terminal fibers of the conducting system of the heart.
They carry impulses through the walls of the ventricles
Repolarization
A return of electrical charge to the resting state in nerves
or muscles
Right AV valve
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle;
the tricuspid valve
Septum
A wall dividing two cavities, such as the chambers of the
heart
Sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm
Sinoatrial SA node
A small mass in the upper part of the right atrium that
initiates the impulse for each heartbeat; the pacemaker
Sphygmomanometer
An instrument for determining arterial blood pressure
(root sphygm/o means “pulse”); blood pressure apparatus
or cuff
Superior vena cava
The large superior vein that brings deoxygenated blood
back to the right atrium from the upper body
System circuit
The system of vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the
left side of the heart to all tissues except the lungs and returns
deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
Systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat cycle; adjective:
systolic
Valve
A structure that keeps fluid flowing in a forward direction (root:
valv/o, valvul/o)
Vein
A vessel that carries blood back to the heart. All except the
pulmonary and umbilical veins carry blood low in oxygen (root:
ven/o, phleb/o
Ventricle
A small cavity. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the
heart (root: ventricul/o
Venule
A small vessel that carries blood from the capillaries to the veins
Vessel
A tube or duct to transport fluid (root: angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o)
Aneurysm
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery,
caused by weakness of the vessel wall; may eventually burst
Angina pectoris
A feeling of constriction around the heart or pain that may radiate to
the left arm or shoulder, usually brought on by exertion; caused by
insufficient blood supply to the heart
Arrhythmia
Any abnormality in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat (literally
“without rhythm;” note doubled r). (Also called dysrhythmia, though
this term only means “abnormal” rhythm, not “without” rhythm.
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening (sclerosis) of the arteries, with loss of capacity and loss of
elasticity, as from fatty deposits (plaque), deposit of calcium salts, or
formation of scar tissue
Atherosclerosis
The development of fatty, fibrous patches (plaques) in the lining of
arteries, causing narrowing of the lumen and hardening of the vessel
wall. The most common form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the
arteries). The root ather/o means “porridge” or “gruel”
Bradycardia
A show heart rate less than 60 bpm
Cerebrovascular accident
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of
blood flow. Causes include atherosclerosis, embolism,
thrombosis, or hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm;
commonly called stroke
Clubbing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes caused by
growth of the soft tissue around the nails. Seen in a
variety of diseases in which there is poor peripheral
circulation
Coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing on the aorta with restriction of blood flow
C-reactive protein
Protein produced during systemic inflammation, which
may contribute to atherosclerosis; high CRP levels can
indicate cardiovascular disease and its prognosis
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin cause by lack of oxygen
Deep being thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis invaliding deep veins
Diaphoresis
Profuse sweating
Dissecting aneurysm
An aneurysm in which blood enters the arterial wall and
separates the layers. Usually involves the aorta
Dyslipidemia
Disorder in serum lipid levels, which is an important
factor in development of atherosclerosis. Includes
hyperlipidemia (high lipids), hypercholesterolemia (high
cholesterol), and hypertriglyceridemia (high
triglycerides)
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Edema
Swelling of body tissues caused by the presence of
excess fluid (see Fig. 6-4). Causes include
cardiovascular disturbances, kidney failure,
inflammation, and malnutrition
Embolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other
matter carried in the circulation
Embolus
A mass carried in the circulation. Usually a blood clot, but
also may be air, fat, bacteria, or other solid matter from
within or from outside the body
Fibrillation
Spontaneous, quivering, and ineffectual contraction of
muscle fibers, as in the atria or the ventricles
Heart block
An interference in the conduction system of the heart
resulting in arrhythmia
Heart failure
A condition caused by the inability of the heart to maintain
adequate circulation of blood
Hemorrhoid
A varicose vein in the rectum
Hypertension
A condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. Essential
(primary, idiopathic) hypertension has no known cause
Infarct
An area of localized necrosis (death) of tissue resulting from
a blockage or a narrowing of the artery that supplies the
area
Ischemia
Local deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of the
circulation (root: hem/o
Murmur
An abnormal heart sound
Myocardial infarction MI
Localized necrosis (death) of cardiac muscle tissue resulting
from blockage or narrowing of the coronary artery that
supplies that area. Myocardial infarction is usually caused by
formation of a thrombus (clot) in a vessel
Occlusion
A closing off or obstruction as of a vessel
Patent ducts arteriosus
Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth. The ductus
arteriosus is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to
the descending aorta in the fetus to bypass the lungs
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Plaque
A patch. With regard to the cardiovascular system, a deposit of
fatty material and other substances on a vessel wall that
impedes blood flow and may block the vessel. Atheromatous
plaque
Rheumatic heart disease
Damage to heart valves after infection with a type of
streptococcus (group A hemolytic streptococcus). The antibodies
produced in response to the infection produce valvular scarring,
usually involving the mitral valve
Septal defect
An opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles; a
common cause is persistence of the foramen ovale ( for-‐A-‐men
o-‐VAL-‐e), an opening between the atria that bypasses the lungs
in fetal circulation
Shock
Circulatory failure resulting in an inadequate supply of blood
to the tissues. Cardiogenic shock is caused by heart failure;
hypovolemic shock is caused by a loss of blood volume;
septic shock is caused by bacterial infection
Sinus rhythm
A normal heart rhythm originating form the sinoatrial SA node
Stenosis
Constriction of narrowing of an opening
Stroke
See cerebrovascular accident
Syncope
A temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate
blood flow to the brain; fainting
Tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate, usually over 100 bpm
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with formation of a
blood clot
Thrombosis
Development of a blood clot within a vessel
Thrombus
A blood clot that form with a blood vessel
Varicose vein
A twisted and swollen vein resulting from breakdown of
the valves, pooling of blood, and chronic dilatation of
the vessel (root: varic/o); also called varix (VAR-iks) or
varicosity (var-‐ih-‐KOS-‐ih-‐te
Ablation
Removal or destruction. In cardiac ablation, a catheter is used to
destroy a portion of the heart’s conduction pathway to correct an
arrhythmia
Angioplasty
A procedure that reopens a narrowed vessel and restores blood
flow. Commonly accomplished by surgically removing plaque,
inflating a balloon within the vessel, or installing a device (stent)
to keep the vessel open
Artificial pacemaker
A battery-operated device that generates electrical impulses to
regulate the beating of the heart. It may be external or
implanted, may be designed to respond to need, and may have
the capacity to prevent tachycardia
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR
Restoration of cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation after
cardiac arrest using artificial respiration and chest compression or
cardiac massage
Cardioversion
Correction of an abnormal cardiac rhythm. May be accomplished
pharmacologically, with antiarrhythmic drugs, or by application of
electric current (see defibrillation)
Coronary angiography
Radio graphic study of the coronary arteries after introduction of an opaque dye by means of a catheter
Coronary artery bypass graft CABG
Surgical creation of a shunt to bypass a blocked
coronary artery. The aorta is connected to a point past
the obstruction with another vessel or a piece of
another vessel, usually the left internal mammary
artery or part of the leg’s saphenous vein
Coronary calcium scan
Method for visualizing vessel-narrowing calcium
deposits in coronary arteries; useful for diagnosing
coronary artery disease in people at moderate risk or
those who have undiagnosed chest pain; also known as
a heart scan
Creatine kinase MB
Enzyme released in increased amounts from cardiac
muscle cells following myocardial infarction (MI).
Serum assays help diagnose MI and determine the
extent of muscle damage
CT angiography
Computed tomography scan used to visualize vessels in the heart and
other organs; requires only a small amount of dye injected into the
arm; can rule out blocked coronary arteries that may cause a
myocardial infarction (heart attack) in people with chest pain or
abnormal stress test
Defribillation
Use of an electronic device (defibrillator) to stop fibrillation by
delivering a brief electric shock to the heart. The shock may be
delivered to the surface of the chest, as by an automated external
defibrillator (AED), or directly into the heart through wire leads,
using an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD
Echocardiography ECG
A noninvasive method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal
cardiac structures
Lipoprotein
A compound of protein with lipid. Lipoproteins are classified
according to density as very-low-density (VLDL), low-density (LDL),
and high-density (HDL). Relatively higher levels of HDLs have been
correlated with health of the cardiovascular system
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
Dilatation of a sclerotic blood vessel by means of a
balloon catheter inserted into the vessel and then
inflated to flatten plaque against the artery wall
Stent
A small metal device in the shape of a coil or slotted
tube that is placed inside an artery to keep the vessel
open after balloon angioplasty
Stress test
Evaluation of physical fitness by continuous ECG
monitoring during exercise. In a thallium stress test, a
radioactive isotope of thallium is administered to trace
blood flow through the heart during exercise
Troponin Tn
A protein in muscle cells that regulates contraction.
Increased serum levels, primarily in the forms TnT and
TnI, indicate recent myocardial infarction (MI)
Appendix
A small, finger-like mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the
first part of the large intestine
Lymph
The thin plasma-like fluid that drains from the tissues and
is transported in lymphatic vessels
Lymph node
A small mass of lymphoid tissue along the path of a
lymphatic vessel that filters lymph
Lymphatic
The system that drains fluid and proteins from the tissues
and returns them to the bloodstream. This system also
participates in immunity and aids in absorption of fats from
the digestive tract
Peyer patches
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the lining of the intestine
Right lymphatic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper right
side of the body
Spleen
A large reddish-brown organ in the upper left region of
the abdomen. It filters blood and destroys old red blood
cells
Thoracic duct
The lymphatic duct that drains fluid from the upper left
side of the body and all of the lower body/left lymphatic
duct
Thymus gland
A gland in the upper part of the chest beneath the
sternum. It functions in immunity
Tonsils
Small masses of lymphoid tissue located in regions of the
throat (pharynx
Bruit
An abnormal sound hear in auscultation
Ectopic beat
A heartbeat that originates from some part of the
heart other than the SA node
Extrasystole
Premature contraction of the heart that occurs
separately from the normal beat and originates from a
part of the heart other than the SA node
Flutter
Very rapid (200 to 300 bpm) but regular contractions,
as in the atria or the ventricles
Hypotension
A condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure
Intermittent Claudication
Pain in a muscle during exercise caused by inadequate
blood supply. The pain disappears with rest
Mitral valve prolapse
Movement of the cusps of the mitral valve into the left
atrium when the ventricles contract
Occlusive vascular disease
Arteriosclerotic disease of the vessels, usually peripheral
vessels
Palpitation
A sensation of abnormally rapid or irregular heartbeat
Pitting edema
Edema that retains the impression of a finger pressed
firmly into the skin
Doppler echocardiography
An imaging method used to study the rate and pattern
of blood flow
Holter monitor
A portable device that can record up to 24 hours of an
individual’s ECG readings during normal activity
Phlebotomist
Technician who specialized in drawing blood
Triglycerides
Simple fats that circulate in the bloodstream
Intraaortic ballon pump
A mechanical assist device that consists of an inflatable
balloon pump inserted through the femoral artery into the
thoracic aorta. It inflates during diastole to improve
coronary circulation and deflates before systole to allow
blood ejection from the heart
Left ventricular assist device
A pump that takes over the function of the left ventricle in
delivering blood into the systemic circuit. These devices
are used to assist patients awaiting heart transplantation or
those who are recovering from heart failure
AV
Atrioventricular
BP
Blood pressure
Bpm
Beats per minute
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
ECG
Electrocardiogram
HDL
High density lipoprotein
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
MI
Myocardial infraction
Mm Hg
Milli meters of mercury
PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal Conakry angioplasty
SA
Sinoatrial
SK
Streptokinase
tPA
Tissue plasminogen activator
VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein
