Unit 10 Quiz 9 Flashcards
Azot/o
Nitrogenous compounds
Calc/i
Calcium symbol Ca
Ferr/o , ferr/i
Iron
Sider/o
Iron
Kali
Potassium
Natri
Sodium
Oxy
Oxygen
Thrombo
Blood clot
Thrombocyt/o
Platelet , thrombocyte
Immun/o
Immunity
-emia , -hemia
Condition of blood
-Penia
Decrease in deficiency of
-poiesis
Formation , production
Agranulocyte
A white blood cell that does not have visible granules in its
cytoplasm. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes
Albumin
A simple Protein found in blood plasma
Antibody
A protein produced in response to and interacting specifically with
an antigen
Antigen
A substance that induces the formation of an antibody
Antigen - presenting cell APC
Immune cell that takes in a foreign antigen, processes it, and
presents it on the cell surface in combination with the body’s own
proteins, thus activating a T cell; examples are dendritic cells and
macrophages, which are descendants of monocytes
B cell
A lymphocyte that matures in lymphoid tissue and is active in
producing antibodies; B lymphocyte
Band cell
An immature neutrophil with a nucleus in the shape of a band; also
called a stab cell. Band cell counts are used to trace infections and
other diseases
Basophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with basic dyes; active in allergic
reactions
Blood
The fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system
Coagulation
Blood clotting
Cross-matching
Testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood in
preparation for a transfusion. Donor red cells are mixed with
recipient serum, and red cells of the recipient are mixed with
donor serum to look for an immunologic reaction. Similar tests
are done on tissues before transplantation
Electrolyte
A substance that separates into charged particles (ions) in
solution; a salt. Term also applied to ions in body fluids
Eosinophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic dyes; active in
allergic reactions and defense against parasites
Erythrocyte
A red blood cell
Erythropoietin EPO
A hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates red blood
cell production in the bone marrow. This hormone is now made
by genetic engineering for clinical use
Fibrin
The protein that forms a clot in the process of blood coagulation
Fibrinogen
The inactive precursor of Fibrin
Formed elements
The cellular components of blood
Gamma globulin
The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies; given for
passive transfer of immunity
Granulocytes
A white blood cell that has visible granules in its cytoplasm.
Granulocytes include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
Hemoglobin
The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports
oxygen
Hemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding
Immunity
The state of being protected against a specific disease
Immunoglobulin
An antibody. Immunoglobulins fall into five classes, each
abbreviated with a capital letter: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
Leukocyte
A white blood cell
Lymphocyte
An agranular leukocyte active in immunity (T cells and B cells);
found in both the blood and in lymphoid tissue
Megakaryocyte
A larger marrow cell that fragments to release platelets
Macrophage
A phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte; usually located within
the tissues. Macrophages process antigens for T cells
Monocyte
An agranular phagocytic leukocyte
Neutrophil
A granular leukocyte that stains with acidic or basic dyes. The most
numerous of the white blood cells. A type of phagocyte
Phagocytosis
The engulfing of foreign material by white blood cells
Plasma
The Liquid portion of the blood
Plasma cell
A mature form of a B cell that produces antibodies
Platelet
A formed element of the blood that is active in hemostasis; a
thrombocyte
Serum
The fraction of the plasma that remains after blood
coagulation; it is the equivalent of plasma without its
clotting factors
T cell
A lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland and attacks
foreign cells directly; T lymphocyte
Thrombocyte
A blood platelet
Agglutination
The clumping of cells or particles in the presence of specific
antibodies
Bilirubin
A pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin. It is
eliminated by the liver in bile
Complement
A group of plasma enzymes that interacts with antibodies
Corpuscle
A small mass or body , A blood corpuscle is a blood cell
Hemopoietic stem cell
A primitive bone marrow cell that gives rise to all varieties of blood cells
Heparin
A substance found throughout the body that inhibits blood
coagulation; an anticoagulant
Plasmin
An enzyme that dissolves clots; also called fibrinolysin
Thrombin
The enzyme derived from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
AIDS
Failure of the immune system caused by infection with HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus). The virus infects certain T
cells and thus interferes with immunity
Allergen
A substance that causes an allergic response
Allergy
Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic
An exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance (root
phylaxis means. “protection”). It may lead to death caused
by circulatory collapse, and respiratory distress if untreated.
Also called anaphylaxis
Anemia
A deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood; may
result from blood loss, malnutrition, a hereditary defect,
environmental factors, and other causes
Angioedema
A localized edema with large hives (wheals) similar to
urticaria but involving deeper layers of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue
Aplastic anemia
Anemia caused by bone marrow failure resulting in deficient
blood cell production, especially of red cells; pancytopenia
Autoimmune disease
A condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against
an individual’s own tissues (prefix auto means “self”
Cooley anemia
A form of thalassemia (hereditary anemia) which affects production
of the β (beta) hemoglobin chain; thalassemia major
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
An allergic reaction involving T cells that takes at least 12 hours to
develop. Examples are various types of contact dermatitis, such as
poison ivy or poison oak; the tuberculin reaction (test for TB); and
rejections of transplanted tissue
Disseminated Intra vascular coagulation DIC
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels; may be
followed by bleeding caused by depletion of clotting factors
Ecchymosis
A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small
vessels
Hemolysis
The rupture of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin
Hemophilia
A hereditary blood disease caused by lack of a clotting factor and
resulting in abnormal bleeding
Hemorrhagic anemia
Anemia that results from blood loss, as from an injury or
internal bleeding
HIV
The virus that causes aids
Hodgkin lymphoma
A neoplastic disease of unknown cause that involves the lymph
nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues; characterized by the
presence of giant Reed–Sternberg cells
Hypersensitivity
An immunologic reaction to a substance that is harmless to
most people; allergy
Immunodeficiency
A congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to
protect against disease
Intrinsic factor
A substance produced in the stomach that aids in the
absorption of vitamin B12 , necessary for the manufacture of
red blood cells. Lack of intrinsic factor causes pernicious
anemia
Kaposi sarcoma
Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues, seen most often
in patients with AIDS
Leukemia
Malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells; may be
chronic or acute; may affect bone marrow (myelogenous
leukemia) or lymphoid tissue (lymphocytic leukemia)
Lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
Multiple myeloma
A tumor of the blood forming tissue in bone marrow
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A widespread malignant disease of lymph nodes that involves
lymphocytes. It differs from Hodgkin disease in that giant
Reed–Sternberg cells are absent
Nutritional anemia
Anemia resulting from a dietary deficiency, usually of iron,
vitamin B12, or folate
Philadelphia chromosomes
An abnormal chromosome found in the cells of most
individuals with chronic granulocytic (myelogenous) leukemia
Pernicious anemia
Anemia caused by failure of the stomach to produce intrinsic
factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 .
This vitamin is required for the formation of erythrocytes
Petechiae
Pinpoint, flat, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within
the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia)
Purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin,
mucous membranes, internal organs, and other tissues (from
Greek word meaning “purple”). Thrombocytopenic purpura is
caused by a deficiency of platelets
Sickle cell anemia
A hereditary anemia caused by the presence of abnormal
hemoglobin. Red blood cells become sickle-shaped and
interfere with normal blood flow to the tissues. Most common
in black populations of West African descent
Sideroblastic anemia
Anemia caused by inability to use available iron to
manufacture hemoglobin. The excess iron precipitates in
normoblasts (developing red blood cells)
Sjogren syndrome
An autoimmune disease involving dysfunction of the exocrine
glands and affecting secretion of tears, saliva, and other body
fluids. Deficiency leads to dry mouth, tooth decay, corneal
damage, eye infections, and difficulty in swallowing
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
Systemic lupus erythematous
Inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the skin and
multiple organs. Patients are sensitive to light and may have a red
butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks
Systemic sclerosis
A diffuse disease of connective tissue that may involve any system
causing inflammation, degeneration, and fibrosis. Also called
scleroderma because it causes thickening of the skin
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary anemias mostly found in populations of
Mediterranean descent (the name comes from the Greek word for
“sea”)
Thrombocytopenia
A deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood
Urticaria
A skin reaction consisting of round, raised eruptions (wheals) with
itching; hives
Adrenaline
See epinephrine
CD4+ T lymphocyte count
A count of the T cells that have the CD4 receptors for the AIDS
virus (HIV). A count of less than 200/μL of blood signifies severe
immunodeficiency
Epinephrine
A powerful stimulant produced by the adrenal gland and
sympathetic nervous system. Activates the cardiovascular,
respiratory, and other systems needed to meet stress. Used as a
drug to treat severe allergic reactions and shock. Also called
adrenaline
Reticulocyte counts
Blood counts of reticulocytes, a type of immature red blood
cell; reticulocyte counts are useful in diagnosis to indicate the
rate of erythrocyte formation
Reed stern berg cells
Giant cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin disease. They
usually have two large nuclei and are surrounded by a halo
Agranulocytosis
A condition involving a decrease in the number of
granulocytes in the blood; also called granulocytopenia
Erythrocytosis
Increase in the number of red cells in the blood; may be
normal, such as to compensate for life at high altitudes, or
abnormal, such as in cases of pulmonary or cardiac disease
Hematoma
A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, caused by
a break in a blood vessel
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Disease that results from incompatibility between the blood
of a mother and her fetus, usually involving Rh factor. An Rh-
negative mother produces antibody to an Rh-positive fetus
that, in later pregnancies, will destroy the red cells of an
Rh-positive fetus. The problem is usually avoided by treating
the mother with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen;
erythroblastosis fetalis
Infectious mononucleosis
An acute infectious disease caused by Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV). Characterized by fever, weakness, lymphadenopathy,
hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes (resembling
monocytes)
Lymphocytosis
An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of neutrophils with increased
susceptibility to infection. Causes include drugs, irradiation,
and infection. May be a side effect of treatment for
malignancy
Septicemia
Presence of microorganism in the blood
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura
An often fatal disorder in which multiple clots form in blood vessels
pH
A scale that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity of a
solution. Represents the amount of hydrogen ion in the
solution
Seroconversion
The appearance of antibodies in the serum in response to a
disease or an immunization
Anticoagulant
An agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation
Antihistamine
A drug that counteracts the effects of histamine and is
used to treat allergic reactions
Autologous blood
A person’s own blood. May be donated in advance of
surgery and transfused if needed
Homologous blood
Blood from animals of the same species, such as
human blood used for transfusion from one person to
another. Blood used for transfusions must be
compatible with the blood of the recipient
Immunosuppression
Depression of the immune response. May be
correlated with disease but also may be induced
therapeutically to prevent rejection in cases of tissue
transplantation
RBC
Number of red blood cells per microliter of blood.
(One microliter = 1/1000 of a milliliter. A milliliter is about 20
drops, so a microliter is about 20/ 1000 (=2/100) of a drop, or an
amount about the size of a pinhole – just barely visible.)
WBC
Number of white blood cell per microliter of blood
Differential count
Relative percentage of the different type of leukocytes
Hematocrit
Relative percentage of packed red cells in a given volume of blood
Hemoglobin
Amount of hemoglobin measure as from a per 100ml of blood
CBC
Series of blood test including cell counts , hematocrits , hemoglobin , and cell volume measurements
Bleeding time Bt
Measure capacity of platelets to stop bleeding after a standard skin incision
Thrombin time TT
Measures how quickly a clot forms
Ab
Antibody
Ag
Antigen
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
BT
Bleeding time
CBC
Complete blood count
Crit
Hematocrit
Diff
Differential count
EBV
Epstein Barr virus
EPO , EP
Erythropoietin
Hb, Hgb
Hemoglobin
Hct, Ht
Hematocrit
HDN
Hemolytic disease of the new born
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
Lytes
Electrolytes
pH
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration
Polymorph
Neutrophil
WBC
White blood cell count
