Unit 8 Quiz 7 Flashcards
anterior pituitary
also called anterior hypophysis
or adenohypophysis
At base of brain in brain stem
posterior pituitary
also called posterior hypophysis
or neurohypophysis
At base of. Brain in brain stem
Thyroid
In the neck on anterior side
Parathyroid
Islets of tissue on posterior surface of thyroid gland in neck
Adrenal cortex
On top of kidneys outer area of gland
Adrenal medulla
On top of kidneys inner area of gland
Pancreatic islets
Cluster of hormone producing cells within the pancreas
Thymus
In neck below thyroid
Kidney
Posterior region of back fibroblast cells between kidney tubules
Pineal
In the brain stem
Testis
Groin cells between. Tubules in testes of males
Ovary also placenta in pregnancy
pelvic cavity: follicle cells surrounding
ovum in ovary of female;
wall of uterus in pregnancy
Small islets of cells producing hormones in digestive system
In walls of stomach and small intestine
Endocrin/o
Endocrine glands or system
Pituitar/i
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Hypophysi/o
Pituitary gland , hypophysis
Thyr/o , thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
Parathyro/o , parathyroid/o
Parathyroid gland
Arden/o, adrena/o
Adrenal gland , epinephrine
Adrenocortic/o
Adrenal cortex
Insul/o
Pancreatic islets
Adrenal gland
A gland on the superior surface of the kidney. The outer
region (cortex) secretes steroid hormones; the inner region
(medulla) secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) (root: adren/o)
Endocrine
Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the
blood
Hormone
A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels
in the blood and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs,
or glands
Hypophysis
The pituitary gland (root: hypophys); named from hypo,
meaning “below,” and physis, meaning “growing,” because
the gland grows below the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
Pancreatic islets
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete
hormones to regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of
Langerhans or islet cells (root insul/o means “island;” from
same root as Spanish word, “insula”)
Parathyroid glands
Small endocrine glands on the posterior thyroid that act to
increase blood calcium levels; there are usually four to six
parathyroid glands (root: parathyr/o, parathyroid/o); the name
literally means “near the thyroid”
Pineal gland
A small gland in the brain. Appears to regulate mood, daily
rhythms, and sexual development in response to environmental
light. Secretes the hormone melatonin
Pituitary gland
A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. The anterior
lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate
other glands; the posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin
manufactured in the hypothalamus
Prostaglandins
A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a
variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions
and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and
inflammation
Receptor
A site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a
substance, such as a hormone, attaches
Steroid hormone
A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones
and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
Target tissue
The specific tissue on which a hormone acts; may also be
called the target organ
Thyroid gland
An endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper
trachea. It secretes hormones that affect metabolism and
growth and a hormone (calcitonin) that regulates calcium
balance (root: thyr/o, thyroid/o)
Sella Turcica
A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
that contains the pituitary gland (literally means
“Turkish saddle”
Sphenoid bone
A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland
Acromegaly
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands,
feet, and face, caused by an excess of growth hormone in an
adult. The name comes from acro meaning “extremity” and
megal/o meaning “enlargement”
Addison disease
A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones.
It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations
in salt and water balance
Adenoma
A neoplasm of a gland
Adult hypothyroidism
A condition caused by hypothyroidism in an adult. There is dry,
waxy swelling, most notable in the face; formerly called
myxedema
Cushing disease
Overactivity of the adrenal cortex resulting from excess
production of ACTH by the pituitary
Cushing syndrome
A condition resulting from an excess of hormones from the
adrenal cortex. It is associated with obesity, weakness,
hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hirsutism (excess hair
growth)
Diabetes insipidus
A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior
pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large
amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,”
referring to the dilution of the urine
Diabetes Mellitus
A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin
production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. Type 1
results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells; it
generally appears in children and requires insulin administration.
Type 2 generally occurs in obese adults; it is treated with diet,
exercise, drugs to improve insulin production or activity, and
sometimes insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for
honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine
Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeballs ,as seen in Graves’ disease
Gigantism
Overgrowth caused by an excess of growth hormone from the
pituitary during childhood; also called giantism
Glaciated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)
A test that measures the binding of glucose to hemoglobin
during the lifespan of a red blood cell. It reflects the average
blood glucose level over two to three months and is useful in
evaluating long-term therapy for diabetes mellitus. Also
called A1c test
Glycosuria
Excess sugar in the urine
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland. May be toxic or nontoxic.
Simple (nontoxic) goiter is caused by iodine deficiency
Graves’ disease
An autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism. A
prominent symptom is exophthalmos (protrusion of the
eyeballs). Also called diffuse toxic goiter
Hyperglycemia
Excess glucose in the blood
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
Insulin shock
A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin , causing hypoglycemia
Ketoacidosis
Acidosis (increased acidity of body fluids) caused by an
excess of ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus; diabetic
acidosis
Metabolic syndrome
A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to
insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with
other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin
resistance syndrome
Panhypopituitarism
Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
Tetany
Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low
blood calcium and other factors
Craniopharyngioma
A tumor of the pituitary gland
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
High blood glucose levels after glucose intake that may
signal borderline diabetes mellitus
Ketosis
Accumulation of ketone bodies, such as acetone, in the
body. Usually results from deficiency or faulty metabolism of
carbohydrates, as in cases of diabetes mellitus and
starvation
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla or other
structures containing chromaffin cells (cells that stain with
chromium salts); phe/o means “brown” or “dusky.” The
adrenal tumor causes increased production of epinephrine
Thyroid storm
A sudden onset of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis occurring
in patients with hyperthyroidism who are untreated or
poorly treated. May be brought on by illness or trauma. Also
called thyroid crisis
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Measurement of glucose levels in blood plasma after
administration of a challenge dose of glucose to a
fasting patient. Used to measure patient’s ability to
metabolize glucose. A value greater than or equal to
200 mg/dL in the two-hour sample indicates diabetes
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
A method of measuring very small amounts of a
substance, especially hormones, in blood plasma using
radioactively labeled hormones and specific antibodies
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) test
The test that measure the main protein that binds T4 in the blood
A1c
Glycated hemoglobin test
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
BS
Blood sugar
FBG
Fasting blood glucose
FBS
Fasting blood sugar
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
Growth hormone
HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1c glycated hemoglobin
131I
Iodine 131 radioactive Iodine
LH
Luteinizing hormone
PRL
Prolactin
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
RIA
Radioimmunoassay
T1DM
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Thyroxine ; tetraiodothyronine
TBG
Thyroxine-binding globulin
TSH
Thyroid - stimulating hormone
