Unit 13 Quiz 12 Flashcards
Ren/o
Kidney
Nephr/o
Kidney
Glomerul/o
Glomerulus
Pyel/o
Renal pelvis
Cali/o calic/o
Calyx
Capsule kidney
Membranes sac , small container , outer cover
Cortex
outer layer The root of the word, cortex,
comes from the same root as the word
“cork.” Cork comes from tree bark, and thus
cortex implies the outer layer of a structure.
Medulla
Middle region or marrow
Ur/o
Urine , urinary tract
Urin/o
Urine
Ureter/o
Ureter
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder
Vesic/o
Urinary bladder
Urethr/o
Urethra
Aldosterone
Source : adrenal cortex
Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water in kidney as sodium is reabsorbed potassium is excreted
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Source : anterior pituitary gland
Promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys
Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
Source :Myocardial cells in atria of heart
Causes kidneys to excrete sodium and water
Parathyroid hormone
Source : parathyroid glands
Causes calcium release from bones and calcium reabsorption in kidneys to raise blood calcium level
Calcitonin
Source: thyroid gland
Causes calcium uptake by bones to lower blood calcium level
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes
water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the
urine
Angiotensin
A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the
blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys
Calyx
A cup-like cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix
(plural: calices) (root: cali, calic
Dieresis
Increased excretion of urine
Diuretic
A substance that increases the excretion of urine;
pertaining to diuresis
Erythropoietin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red
blood cell production in the bone marrow
Glomerular capsule
The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron
that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered
out of the blood; Bowman (BO-man) capsule
Glomerular filtrate
The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood
and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural:
glomeruli)
Kidney
An organ of excretion (root: ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys
filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic
waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the
water and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids
Micturition
The voiding of urine , urination
Nephron
A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood
vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the
composition of urine
Renal cortex
The kidneys out portion; contains portions of the nephrons
Renal medulla
The kidney’s inner portion; contains portions of the
nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal
pelvis
Renal pelvis
The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine
from the kidney; Greek root pyel/o means “basin
Renal pyramid
A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of
the nephrons loops and collecting ducts
Renin
An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates
angiotensin in the blood
Trigone
A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the
openings of the two ureters and the urethra
Tubular reabsorption
The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to
the blood through the peritubular capillaries
Urea
The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product
in the urine
Ureter
The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the
bladder
Urethra
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body
Urinary bladder
The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by
the kidneys
Urination
The voiding of urine ; micturition
Urine
The fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water,
electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and
pigments. A variety of other substances may appear in
urine in cases of disease
Aldosterone
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that
regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
Clearance
The volume of plasma that can be cleared of a
substance by the kidneys per unit of time; renal
plasma clearance
Glomerular filtration rate GFR
The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the
nephrons of both kidneys
Maximal transport capacity Tm
The maximum rate at which a given substance can
be transported across the renal tubule; tubular
maximum
Acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids
Acute renal failure
Loss of kidney function resulting from damage to
the nephrons; causes may be injury, shock, toxins,
or infections, among others
Bacteriuria
Presence of bacteria in the urine
Cast
A solid mold of rental tubule found in the urine
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a
result of infection
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the
glomeruli. The acute form usually occurs after an
infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form
varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine
Hydronephrosis
Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by
obstruction; causes distention and renal atrophy
Hypokalemia
Deficiency of potassium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood
Hypoproteinemia
Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be
caused by kidney damage resulting from protein loss
Hyperkalemia
Excess amount of potassium in the blood
Hypertremia
Excess amount of sodium in the blood
Nephrotic syndrome
Condition that results from glomerular damage
leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria).
There is low plasma protein (hypoproteinemia),
edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver
releases lipoproteins. Also called nephrosis
Oliguria
Elimination of small amounts of urine
Proteinuria
Presence of protein mainly albumin in the urine
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually as a
result of infection
Pyruia
Presence of pus in the urine
Renal colic
Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with
the passage of a stone
Renal failure
Loss of kidney function resulting from loss or damage to
the kidney nephrons. Maybe chronic, developing over
time, or acute, as a result of sudden damage, as by injury,
shock, or toxins
Uremia
Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous
substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficienc
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra usually due to infection
Urinary stasis
Stoppage of urine flow urinary stagnation
Catheterization
Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through
the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine
Cystoscope
An instrument for examining the inside of the urinary
bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for
surgery, and for other forms of treatment
Dialysis
Separation of substances by passage through a
semipermeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the
body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are
impaired or missing. The two forms of dialysis are
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Hemodialysis
Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by
passage through a semipermeable membrane
Intravenous pyelography IVP
See intravenous urography
Intrabvenous urography
Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after
intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is
excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or
intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate
because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis
Lithotripsy
Crushing of a stone
Peritoneal dialysis
Removal of unwanted substances from the body by
introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity
followed by removal of the fluid
Retrograde pyelography
Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into
the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters
Specific gravity
The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an
equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine
ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or
decrease in disease
Urinalysis
Laboratory study of the urine. Physical and chemical
properties and microscopic appearance are included
Cystectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
Ileal conduit
Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an
isolated segment of the ileum. One end of the segment
is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the
abdominal wall. A procedure used when the bladder is
removed or nonfunctional. Also called ileal bladder
Lithotomy
Incision of an organ to remove a stone calculus
Renal transplantation
Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient
Anuresis
Lack of urination
Anuria
Lack of urine formation
Azoturia
Presence of an increased nitrogenous compounds,
especially urea, in the urine
Cystocele
Herniation of the bladder into the vagina ;vesicocele
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body fluids
Hydro ureter
Dis tension of the ureter with urine caused by obstruction
Hypospadias
A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on
the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyuria
Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes
mellitus
Retention of urine
Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an
inability to urinate
Ureterocele
A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the
bladder. Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the
ureteral opening
Urinary frequency
A need to urinate often without an increase in average
output
Urinary incontinence
Inability to retain urine; may originate with a neurologic
disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic
muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function
Urinary urgency
Sudden need to urinate
Water intoxication
Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium
concentration. May result from excess drinking, excess ADH, or
replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water.
Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment, with edema
and other disturbances
Anion gap
A measure of electrolyte imbalance
Blood urea nitrogen BUN
Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. An increase
in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste
products in the blood and renal failure
Clean catch specimen
A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of
the urethral opening and collected in midstream to
minimize the chance of contamination
Urinometer
Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine
Indwelling foley catheter
A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one
end that prevents the catheter from leaving
the bladder
